Personal Statement On Self Management - 1573 Words

I, Will help map out a better way for the patients and caregivers to feel more involved in their plan of care and gain power and understanding to their ongoing care in a SMART goal manner. This will be carried out by making the patients and families feel comfortable warm welcoming when it comes to making decisions in the healthcare setting. I will help them understand to their level of comprehension by involving them in activities related to self management in their health and care. By being there to assist the patient and family during the time of health support will help decrease fear and anxiety of the unknown when health is on the line, providing emotional support and physical comfort is very important when someone feels scared and ill at the same time. The staff involved will allow the patient and family to have full access to their medical record and will review all areas of file if needed to fully accommodate the family and patient. Most of communication will be face to face and if needed, there will be additional resources available to get the message across. The process will be patient centered meaning specific to individual patients’ needs and families. The whole patient will be consider including culture, population, special values, emotional and physical needs of the family and patient. ( Institute of Medicine,2003) The patient and families will be able to carry out their plan of care with increased assurance support and knowledge given in the hospitalShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Self Management1773 Words   |  8 Pages Self-Management Strength: Self-management requires one to be able to accomplish one’s goals and is responsible for one’s own behavior and well-being. Self-management skill is not only important for oneself, but it can affect one’s surroundings: organization and people. A manager should possess an understanding of ethical issues, have strong work ethic, have high tolerance for ambiguity, and express responsibility toward commitments. I find that self-management is closely tied with self-empowermentRead MorePersonal Statement On Self Management930 Words   |  4 Pages1/ First score Second Score 48 53 1. Accepting personal responsibility 64 70 2. Discovering self-motivation 40 52 3. Mastering self-management 50 58 4. Employing self-management 52 52 5. Gaining self-awareness 61 63 6. Adopting lifelong learning 60 60 7. Developing emotional intelligence 68 68 8. Believing in myself 2/ After doing the self-assessment chart again, I have realized that I have had a significantRead MorePersonal Statement On Self Management Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are active community members and life-long learners. Self-management is taking responsibility for one’s behavior and being able to discipline one’s action in the classroom. I believe the instructor should teach and model self-management at the same time that they teach and model the procedures and practices in a classroom. This teaching and modeling include the reasons behind the practices and continues until the student self-management and class procedures become routine. Attaining students’Read MorePersonal Statement : Self Management883 Words   |  4 PagesThe area of personal effectiveness I selected was self-management. In specific, I pick managing yourself for accomplishment because I have been experiencing high levels of stress in this term for the large amount of homework and tests from the five classes I am taking. The three strategies that caught my attention were: focus first on high priority items, focus on one thing at the time, and do it when you think of it. For a period of two weeks, I applied tho se strategies to my daily life hoping thatRead MoreLsi Paper1065 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment Guidelines Developing a willingness and ability to engage in self-reflection is a critical leadership skill that is not easily learned yet which reaps many rewards. The LSI enables you to examine your own unique way of thinking and how it influences your behavior. Your Assignment: Complete (on your own) the LSI according to the procedure outlined here, so that you end up with your Life Styles Circumplex profile: 12 personal thinking style scores, one score for each section of the circumplexRead More5 Written Assignment 5 Unit 5001V1 Revision 11020 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Chartered Management Institute Approved Centre Level 5 Extended Diploma in Management and Leadership Written Assessment – 5 Unit 5001V1 Instruction Sheet Assignment: Unit 5001V1 – Personal development as a manager and leader Level: 5 Lecturer: Ian Laing Date of Issue: 13th May 2015 Date Due In: 26th June 2015 Format: Word Document submitted to: ianlaing@ihlassociates.karoo.co.uk Read More The Necessity of Personal Responsibility Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal responsibility may be perceived in many ways, but it is imperative to understand the relevance of why it must begin with our self. First, one will never develop an attitude of responsibility if they always look for others to complete their task. It is a necessity that one has personal discipline or their efforts to be responsible will prove to be fruitless. Second, being responsible yields great rewards and acting responsible is a clear sign of maturity. A responsible individual looksRead MoreList The Three Prescriptions That Serve As The Foundation For Development Of Relationship Strategy1183 Words   |  5 Pagesselling process? List the four groups of people with whom sales personal must be able to work effectively. In a consultative sale, building a relationship is important to create identification with one on one communication with the customer to keep the customer feeling confident and safe with the salesperson. A satisfied customer always comes back. 1) Customers 2) Secondary decision makers 3) Company support staff 4) Management personnel 3. Why is partnering described as the highest-qualityRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Innovation1290 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership: A Personal Philosophy To embrace the person that you are, in a time and place where everyone seems to be telling you that you should be everything but the person that you are, is a daunting but worthwhile challenge. I believe that it is in the acceptance of our true selves, imperfections and all, that we gain the ability to view others through a lens colored with compassion and acceptance. It is then that we can become a leader who is self-aware and emotionally competent. Personal PhilosophyRead MoreThe Field Of Nonprofit Management810 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy in the field of nonprofit management focuses on the development of leadership skills for nonprofit managers and provides education in areas such as general operations, human resources, strategies, and fund development (Nachmias, 2008). 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Social Psychologists Bystander Effect - 1446 Words

The term used by social psychologists – bystander effect or bystander apathy may answer the question what makes people to ignore others in need of help, and why? The bystander effect is a phenomenon in which people are less likely to assist another individual in an emergency situation when other individuals or bystanders are present (Schneider, Coutts, Gruman, 2013). In theoretical and practical sense, bystander effect plays important role in understanding the helping behaviour help For the purpose of this essay the empirical evidence gained from the two recent studies that mostly rely on arousal-cost-reward model will be discussed and evaluated. The human behaviour in situation of emergency is also sometimes called the Genovese syndrome which emerged after a tragic death of Kitty Genovese. She was brutally murdered in 1964 on the streets of Queens in New York. Although thirty-eight of her neighbours witnessed or at least heard the cries for help, only one called the police. The New York Times newspaper published the story of the murder which initiated heated public discussions and became a topic of interest for psychologists (see appendix A). Consequently, the article prompted psychologists to produce a great number of studies on the subject to help explore: why people hesitate or do not help in an emergency situation, especially, if there are other people present. In order to explain the psychological reasons behind the phenomenon John DarleyShow MoreRelatedThe Bystander Revolution : How Social Media Shapes And Effect On Bystander Effect911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bystander Revolution: How Social Media Shapes and Reduces the Bystander Effect The purpose of this paper is to examine how social media affects and can affect the bystander effect, which is the idea that individuals will not offer help to victims when other people are present under the assumption that another person will help the victim. After examining the classic example of the bystander effect, examples of social media preventing or lessening the effect will be explored. These examples willRead MoreThe Bystander Effect Is Caused By Diffusion Of Responsibility1470 Words   |  6 PagesCritically evaluate the claim that the bystander effect is caused by diffusion of responsibility. The bystander effect (or bystander apathy) is a multifaceted social psychological phenomenon depicting that there is a lesser chance of an individual intervening and helping in an emergency if there are other bystanders present (Hogg and Vaughan, 2014). Diffusion of responsibility is one hypothesised cause of the bystander effect. A person assumes that others present will take action, resulting in aRead MoreThe Bystander Effect is a Cognitive Phoenomena 643 Words   |  3 PagesThe bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon that concerns the behavior of individuals that, facing an emergency situation in which another person is subject to violence or needs help, do not intervene if other people are present. The effect has been tested in the laboratory by John Darley and Bibb Latanà © (1968) after the murder of Kitty Genovese, stabbed to death by a maniac under the neighborhood’s eyes while she was walking home from her work at 3p.m. She asked for help for half anRead MoreObservation Of The Bystander Effect Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this research paper is to help precisely identify the â€Å"bystander effect† as defined by noted social psychologists. It will also explain why the bystande r effect occurs and with whom it occurs more often. Using multiple examples of psychological studies on this concept, this paper will give reasons the bystander effect is an important and yet controversial thing to study. Additionally, it will outline how these studies are conducted and the setbacks of those methods. Lastly, this paperRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bystander Effect The Bystander effect is a controversial theory given to social phenomenon where the more potential helpers there are, the less likely any individual is to help. A traditional explanation for this Bystander Effect is that responsibility diffuses across the multiple bystanders, diluting the responsibility of each. (Kyle et al.) The Bystander effect, also known as the Genovese Syndrome, was created after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964, on the streets ofRead MorePassive And Selfless Concern For The Bystander Effect1692 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Altruism is the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others. Otherwise known as â€Å"the bystander effect†, it is unfortunately exposed more via social networks and online websites in the present time. For instance, there is surveillance camera footage online which shows a small two year old girl getting run over by a van in China. Almost ten minutes go by as 18 people walk or drive past without any intentions of helping; some pedestrians looked andRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bystander Effect is a controversial theory given to social phenomenon where the more potential bystanders there are, the less likely any individual is to help in emergency situations. A traditional explanation for the cause of the Bystander Effect is that responsibility diffuses across the multiple bystanders, diluting the responsibility of each. (Kyle et al.) The Bystander effect, also known as the Genovese Syndrome, was name d after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964,Read MoreSocial Behavior And Social Change1559 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that there appear to be basic mechanisms in social animals which in turn make us want to help others (Deacon, 2013, p106). Instead, social behaviour and cultural influences that begin to be formed in early infancy, have a profound affect on the factors that determine whether or not to get involved during an emergency. Early exposure to pro-social models as well as the moral standards of a parent, contribute to the choices that a bystander will make when faced with a situation that requiresRead MoreThe fundamental attribution The fundamental attribution error plays a main part in our everyday700 Words   |  3 Pagesthe propensity for viewers to undervalue situational effects and overestimate dispositional impacts upon others actions. In short terms, when a persons behavior is improper, we have a tendency to automatically jump to the assumption that the person has a bad behavior, theyre mean, rude, etc. Not often do we look at the condition that the person may be in whether its work or personal related. In every occasion, there is always cause and effect. Numerous times in misattributions, the reason of aRead MoreBystander Effect Theory Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bystander Effect Theory Have you seen a group of children bullying or pushing around another child? Did you stand by and watch the situation and not intervene? If so, even with such a minor situation, you fell into the bystander effect theory. The bystander effect happens every day in our lives and dates all the way back to the Holocaust and even further back in history. The bystander effect theory is a psychological phenomenon were people do not help others in emergency situations when

Finance for Managers Sainsbury

Question: In the executive summary of CIMAs recent study of the role of the finance function based on data collected from more than 4000 finance and senior managers worldwide, it is stated that The finance function and its members constitute a force for further development of the management support role. Implementing this change will be dependent on identifying and developing the appropriate personnel and demonstrating to business managers what and how the finance function can contribute to the organisation.Using relevant theoretical and empirical literatures, critically discuss the above statement? Answer: Statement: The finance function and its members constitute a force for further development of the management support role. Implementing this change will be dependent on identifying and developing the appropriate personnel and demonstrating to business managers what and how the finance function can contribute to the organisation. Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) has stated that the finance department plays a major role in further development of the management support role. This paper will focus on analysis of the role of finance and its contribution in the organization for critically discussing the above statement of CIMA. First of all, it is important to discuss the traditional roles of the functions of the financial activities in an organization. Additionally, the financial and no financial challenges encountered due to globalization will be discussed and evaluated as those have directly affected the functions of finance in the organizations. Therefore, the paper will emphasize on the endeavors of the finance functions in confronting the external challenges for contributing overall improvement of the management function of the business firm (Coombs, Hobbs Jenkins, 2005). In this paper, the working capital of Sainsbury will be calculated in order to illustrate how the financial activitie s of an organization help in supporting the management. Traditional Finance Function Traditional finance functions refer to the activities of the finance department of the business firms in earlier days. Traditional finance function activities principally focused on the transaction processing such as general accounting, cost accounting, tax accounting, tax filing, customer bill etc. The finance department is responsible for managing accounts payable and accounts receivable (Epstein Lee, 2005). The major activity is associated with the planning for acquiring the necessary funds. Cost accounting helps in estimation of the probable cost of the organization and therefore making arrangements of the necessary funds (Genpact, 2015). Tax accounting has been considered to be one of the most important activities of the finance department in an organization. Additionally, budgeting is a traditional finance function where the organizational resources are allocated. The major responsibility of the finance department is to manage the cash position of the firm. The traditional fin ance function includes recordkeeping of the monetary transactions (Gazely Lambert, 2006). Evaluation of Financial and Non-Financial Challenges The finance functions of an organization have been encountering major financial as well as non-financial challenges due to globalization. It has evident that the globalization has facilitated the reduction of trade barriers. E-commerce has been able to significantly break down the geographic boundaries and it has become very easy to approach the international market. The business firms have identified that the market is becoming more homogeneous and high level of economies of scale will be realized (Ayyagari, Demirguc-Kunt Maksimovic, 2008). It is quite obvious that the domestic business firms will focus on approaching the global marketplace. In this situation, the finance department has a major role to play in supporting the evolution of a business firm as a global organization (Coombs, Hobbs Jenkins, 2005). The financial challenges would include the strategic financial activities of the firm. Due to globalization, the organization will get large range of options in order to raise funds. The reason is globalization has helped in reducing the barriers in the financial market. The business firm will get various opportunities for entering into strategic alliances with other companies. Additionally, merger and acquisition opportunities will enhance. These strategic financial decisions can be considered as the threats (Gazely Lambert, 2006). Hence, both small and large organizations are encountering financial challenges which have significant impact on the finance functions of the organization. Globalization has caused some non-financial challenges which have significantly affected the financial functions of an organization. It has been found that the integration of the business activities in the international market has leaded to the encounter issues regarding strategic operations such as coping up with different time zone, compliance with the regulatory framework of that nation, matching with the language and culture of the region etc. This has a significant influence on the financial functions such as asset allocation, reporting requirements, accounting standards and other financial decision making elements. Hence, it can be concluded that various financial as well as non-financial challenges occurred due to globalization and significantly affected the financial functions of the business firms across the globe. Changes in the Finance Functions for Responding to the Challenges Finance functions of an organization focuses on providing extensive support to the operational activities of the firm in order to achieve the long term objectives of sustainable growth. The above section has briefly discussed the traditional roles played by the finance department in an organization. It has been found that the finance functions principally emphasized on the record keeping on the financial transactions, tax accounting and cost accounting. However, it has been identified that globalization has encouraged the business firms to integrate business functions in the international market as the barriers have reduced (McGuigan, Kretlow, Moyer McGuigan, 2008). It has been found that the finance functions had encountered major financial as well as non-financial challenges. Therefore, business firms have identified that it is important to change the finance functions for confronting with the discussed challenges. First of all, financial awareness has been raised across the organ ization. This section will clearly discuss the key functions of the finance department for responding to the new challenges emerged from globalization. Financial awareness In the present dynamic global business circumstance, it is very important to raise financial awareness for understanding the financial implications of the operational and strategic decisions of the organization (Epstein Lee, 2005). One of the major activities of the finance professional would be training the line managers to become more aware of the financial condition of the company as well as the global business conditions. Financial awareness throughout the organization will significantly help in the conforming all the activities in the uniform direction leading to achievement of organizational success. Decision Support The finance department of an organization has been reshaping its functions through the investing, financing and asset management decision making. Globalization has helps in exposing a business organization to various investment opportunities (Tylecote, 2007). Investing decision making activities focus on analyzing the investment opportunities on the basis of return as well as risk. Various financial analytical tools are utilized by the professionals for evaluating the investment decisions (Hansen Mowen, 2005). Additionally, it has been found that the financing decision making is the major responsibility of the finance department. Both external as well as internal sources of finance are available to the company (Srivastava, 2008). It is important to select the sources of fund in appropriate ratio. Strategic decision making supports the management by choosing the optimum sources of finance so that the company can achieve its organizational objectives (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Man aging the liabilities of an organization in an efficient manner for meeting the strategic goals is included in the financial functions. Acquisition and efficient utilization of assets are considered to be a significant aspect of decision support system of an organization (Genpact, 2015). The finance department is given the operating responsibility regarding the existing assets. The financial professionals are found to be highly concerned with management of the current assets instead of fixed assets (Ayyagari, Demirg-Kunt Maksimovic, 2011). Value Creation The business firms emphasize on the value maximization through strategic management of the operational activities. Value maximization of the business organization is the principle strategic objective of a firm. Hence, the finance managers are responsible for maximization of profits though effective allocation of funds and controlling the operational activities such as inventory management, quality management etc (Seal, Garrison Noreen, 2009). The finance department must support the organization through providing effective strategy for value maximization (Ross, Westerfield Jaffe, 2008). Additionally, it needs to consider the alternative investment opportunities, asset management strategies, financing decision must reviewed for analyzing its implication for the value of shareholders wealth (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Management needs to develop market strategies on the basis of the input provided by the finance professionals. It can be clearly stated that the finance functions mus t be integrated with the operational activities of the firm for maximizing the value of business. Additionally, handling the agency problems and resolving plan is also developed by the finance department of the organization. In the present business climate, corporate social responsibility has been receiving extensive attention across the globe (KPMG Management Consulting, 2015). The objective of profit maximization must not ignore the corporate social responsibilities of the organization. Hence, it is very important to integrate the concept of corporate social responsibility into the financial decision making of the firm. Control and Risk Management Control and risk management is considered to be one of the most important functions and emphasize has been given on the function for achieving sustainable growth in the international market (Ross, Westerfield Jaffe, 2008). Controlling organizational activities is associated with evaluation of business performance through effective business tools. Budgeting is one of the most important activities for controlling the organizational activities (KPMG Management Consulting, 2015). The variance between the budgeted activity and the actual activity indicates the present business situation of the company Risk management is carried out through effective corporate governance strategies (McGuigan, Kretlow, Moyer McGuigan, 2008). For managing risk, auditing is one of the best tools. Internal auditing is conducted by the internal audit team for ensuring the organizational activities comply with the legislative framework of the nation (Antonakakis Scharler, 2012). Additionally, the internal aud itors are responsible for ensuring that appropriate reporting standard has been followed for communicating the annual business position of the company(Shapiro Sarin, 2009). Thus the auditing helps in validating the reliability of the documents produced by the company (Genpact, 2015). Explanation of the Working Capital Calculation for Sainsbury Sainsbury is one of the leading retailers in United Kingdom. This section will focus on analyzing the implication of effective working capital management on the management activities (Horngren, Harrison Bamber, 2005). Working capital can be described as the difference between current asset and current liabilities. In simple terms the capital required for managing the regular activities of the organization. The finance department plays a major role in effective management of the working capital (Preve Sarria-Allende, 2010). If the company has adequate working capital then the operational activities can be completed smoothly. If the organization has enough current assets for meeting the current liabilities, it will indicate that the organization has enough short term liquidity for managing day to day operations. In other terms the current ratio or the ratio between current asset and current liability must be 1 or greater than 1. On the other hand, it must be considered that very high current ratio does not have a positive implication for the company. It indicates that the company has excess current asset which is not effectively utilized by the organization for improving the organizational performance (Horngren, Sundem Stratton, 2005). Working Capital Calculation 2014 ( million) 2013 ( million) Current Asset Inventories 1005 987 Trade and other receivables 433 306 Amounts due from Sainsburys Bank customers 1283 0 Derivative financial instruments 49 91 Cash and bank balances 1592 517 Total Current Asset 4362 1901 Current Liability Trade and other payables 2692 2726 Amounts due to Sainsburys Bank customers 3245 0 Borrowings 534 165 Derivative financial instruments 65 65 Taxes payable 189 148 Provisions 40 11 Total Current Liability 6765 3115 Working Capital -2403 -1214 Annual report of Sainsbury has implied that the operational cash flow of the company has improved thorough the better working capital management. In 2013-14, the changes working capital in the operating cash flow of Sainsbury has been increased by 5.6% in comparison to the previous financial year (J Sainsbury Plc, 2014). In Sainsbury, the working capital is estimated by calculating the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current assets in Sainsbury include inventories, amount withstanding from the bank customer of Sainsbury, trade and other receivables, derivative financial instruments and the cash and bank balance. On the other hand, the current liabilities of Sainsbury include trade and other receivables, short term borrowings, taxes payable, amount due to the bank customers of Sainsbury, derivative financial instruments, provisions etc. Cash flow statement of the company has indicated that the cash generated from the operating activities have increase. It ha s a positive implication for the organizational performance. It has been found that the Sainsbury has been able to manage its working capital inefficiently as the current liability s estimated to be greater than current assets. An adverse movement in the working capital has been observed. It clearly indicated that the potential of meeting short terms liability is less which is not favorable for the company. It can be concluded that short term liquidity position of the company need to be enhanced in order to boost up the overall performance of the company. References Antonakakis, N., Scharler, J. (2012). Has Globalization Improved International Risk Sharing?.International Finance,15(2), 251-266. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2362.2012.01304.x Ayyagari, M., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Maksimovic, V. (2008). How Important Are Financing Constraints? The Role of Finance in the Business Environment.The World Bank Economic Review,22(3), 483-516. doi:10.1093/wber/lhn018 Ayyagari, M., Demirg-Kunt, A., Maksimovic, V. (2011). Firm Innovation in Emerging Markets: The Role of Finance, Governance, and Competition.Journal Of Financial And Quantitative Analysis,46(06), 1545-1580. doi:10.1017/s0022109011000378 Brealey, R., Myers, S., Allen, F. (2008).Principles of corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Coombs, H., Hobbs, D., Jenkins, D. (2005).Management accounting. London: SAGE Publications. Epstein, M., Lee, J. (2005).Advances in management accounting. Amsterdam: JAI. Gazely, A., Lambert, M. (2006).Management accounting. London: SAGE Publications. Genpact,. (2015).From efficiency to effectiveness transforming the finance delivery mix. London, United Kingdom: Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. Retrieved from https://www.genpact.com/docs/default-source/resource-/from-efficiency-to-effectiveness-transforming-the-finance-delivery-mix-a-cima-genpact-report Hansen, D., Mowen, M. (2005).Management accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Bamber, L. (2005).Accounting. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Horngren, C., Sundem, G., Stratton, W. (2005).Introduction to management accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. J Sainsbury Plc,. (2014).Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014(1st ed.). UK: J Sainsbury Plc. Retrieved from https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/media/2064053/sainsbury_s_annual_report_and_accounts_13-14.pdf KPMG Management Consulting,. (2015).Finance of the future: A Guide for Business Users. KPMG Management Consulting. McGuigan, J., Kretlow, W., Moyer, R., McGuigan, J. (2008).Contemporary corporate finance. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Preve, L., Sarria-Allende, V. (2010).Working capital management. New York: Oxford University Press. Ross, S., Westerfield, R., Jaffe, J. (2008).Corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Seal, W., Garrison, R., Noreen, E. (2009).Management accounting. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill. Shapiro, A., Sarin, A. (2009).Foundations of multinational financial management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Srivastava, R. (2008).Multinational financial management. New Delhi: Excel Books. Tylecote, A. (2007). The Role of Finance and Corporate Governance in National Systems of Innovation.Organization Studies. doi:10.1177/0170840606075676

Slavery Essays (1324 words) - Racism, Slavery In The United States

Slavery annon We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness (Thomas Jefferson). Slavery Slavery in America stems well back to when the new world was first discovered and was led by the country to start the African Slave Trade- Portugal. The African Slave Trade was first exploited for plantations in that is now called the Caribbean, and eventually reached the southern coasts of America (Slavery Two; Milton Meltzer). The African natives were of all ages and sexes. Women usually worked in the homes, cooking and cleaning, whereas men were sent out into the plantations to farm. Young girls would usually help in the house also and young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops. Since trying to capture the native Indians, the Arawaks and Caribs, failed (Small-Pox had killed them), the Europeans said out to capture African slaves. They were shipped from Africa by the Europeans in what was called The Triangular Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. This was an organized route where Europeans would travel to Africa bringing manufactured goods, capture Africans and take them to the Caribbean, and then take the crops and goods and bring them back to Europe. The African people, in order to communicate invented a language that was a mixture of all the African languages combined, called Creole. This language now varies from island to island. They also kept their culture which accounts for calypso music and the instruments used in these songs. Slavery was common all over the world until 1794 when France signed the Act of the National Convention abolishing slavery. It would take America about a hundred years to do the same (Slavery Two; Milton Meltzer). George Washington was America's hero. He was America's first president. He was a slave owner. He deplored slavery but did not release his slaves. His will stated that they would be released after the death of his wife (The Volume Library; 1988). Washington wasn't the only president to have slaves. Thomas Jefferson wrote, All men are created equal but died leaving his blacks in slavery. In 1775 black Americans were sent to fight in the revolutionary army. The British proposed that if a black man was to join their army, they would be set free afterwards. America originally planned not to let the blacks fight in the army, but when hearing this, let them enlist. Only Georgia and South Carolina refused to let them enlist, but paid for their racism when each lost 25,000 blacks to the British. The slaves returned on an honourable discharge after securing America's freedom, but not their own (Software Toolworks Encyclopedia; 1992). Slavery continued and so did the numbers of slaves trying to escape to the free states or into Canada. A runaway slave would be found by bloodhounds, trained to find black slaves. Then the slave, upon returning, would be executed or severely whipped. The Underground Railroad was a project that helped black slaves escape into Canada, especially Amherstburg. The system involved 3,000 white helpers and freed an estimated 75,000 people after the civil war. Slavery in the middle of the 1800's was abolished except for the rebellion states in the south. In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued which made slavery illegal in the states that had rebelled and allowed black slaves to serve in the army and get other jobs, or continue to work on the plantations, as employees making money. The nightmare of slavery was over but a new one was to begin. One that was worse for it was prevalent but was secret and silent. One that exists today. One that does not shrink but rather grows. Racism was and is upon us. Racism I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character (Martin Luther King Jr.) Ku Klux Klan. Neo Nazis. The Aryan Nations. The American Nazi Party. What are these groups? Why are they present in a land of supposed equality of all men? They are there because there are millions of Americans that believe in their message of white pride. The African American population is growing and Americans are now a mixed group of people. Black people are white people's neighbours, doctors, friends. With a growing unity between the two

Gun Ownership by Country -- Americans Lead

Gun Ownership by Country Americans Lead The United States has the highest level of gun ownership per person of any country. This fact is startling but true. According to data compiled by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and analyzed by  The Guardian, Americans own 42 percent of all civilian guns in the world. This figure is especially startling when you consider that the U.S. makes up just 4.4 percent of the worlds population. Just How Many Guns Do Americans Own? The estimated tally in 2012, according to the UN, was 270 million civilian-owned guns in the U.S., or 88 guns per every 100 hundred people.  Unsurprisingly, given these figures, the U.S.  has the highest number of guns per capita (per person) and the highest rate of gun-related homicides of all developed countries: 29.7 per 1 million people. By comparison, no other developed countries come even close to those rates. Among the thirteen developed countries studied, the average rate of gun-related homicide is 4 per 1 million people. The developed nation with the rate closest to the U.S., Switzerland, has just 7.7 gun-related homicides per 1 million people. (There are other countries with higher rates of gun-related homicide per capita, but not among developed nations.) Gun rights advocates often suggest that the U.S. has high annual numbers of gun-related crime because of the size of our population, but these statistics which examine rates rather than totals prove otherwise. About a Third of American Households Own All Those Guns In terms of ownership, however, the rate of 88 guns per 100 people is rather misleading. In reality, the majority of civilian-owned guns in the U.S. are owned by a minority of gun owners. Just over a third of U.S. households own guns, but according to the 2004 National Firearms Survey, 20 percent of those households own a full 65 percent of the total civilian gun stock. American Gun Ownership Is a Social Problem In a society as saturated in guns as the U.S., its important to recognize that gun violence is a  social, rather than an individual or psychological problem. A 2010 study by professors Paul Appelbaum and Jeffrey Swanson published in  Psychiatric Services  found that just 3–5 percent of violence can be attributed to mental illness, and in most of these cases guns were not used. While those with certain types of serious mental illness are more likely than the general public to commit an act of violence, these individuals only make up a small percentage of people with mental illness: most people with a mental illness don’t engage in violent behavior. Moreover, individuals with mental illness are also at a higher risk of being victims of violence. According to data from the National Institute of Mental Health, alcohol is a much more significant contributing factor to the likelihood of whether someone will commit a violent act. Sociologists believe that gun violence is a social problem because it is socially created by support for laws and policies that enable gun ownership on a mass scale. It is justified and perpetuated by social phenomena too, like the widespread ideology that guns represent freedom  and the troubling discursive trope that guns make society safer, though overwhelming evidence points to the contrary. This social problem is also fueled by sensationalist news coverage and dangerous politicking focused on violent crime, leading the American public to believe that gun  crime is more common today than it was two decades ago, despite the fact that it has been on the decline for decades. According to a 2013 Pew Research Center survey, just 12 percent of U.S. adults know the truth. The connection between the presence of guns in a household and gun-related deaths is undeniable. Countless studies have shown that living in a home where guns are present increases ones risk of dying by homicide, suicide, or by gun-related accident. Studies also show that it is women who are at greater risk than men in this situation, and that guns in the home also increase the risk that a woman suffering domestic abuse will ultimately be killed by her abuser (see the extensive list of publications by Dr. Jacquelyn C. Campbell of Johns Hopkins University). So, the question then is, why do we as a society insist on denying the very clear connection between the presence of guns and gun-related violence? This is a pressing area of sociological inquiry if ever there was one.

Visa J-1 para estudiar la especialidad médica en USA

Visa J-1 para estudiar la especialidad mà ©dica en USA La visa J-1 permite a los mà ©dicos extranjeros graduados en facultades de medicina fuera de Canad y de Estados Unidos estudiar sus residencias o especializaciones en este à ºltimo paà ­s.   Asimismo, esta visa permite a los mà ©dicos de otros paà ­ses ingresar a Estados Unidos para realizar investigacià ³n avanzada en el mbito de la medicina. Es decir, permite adquirir conocimientos clà ­nicos y no clà ­nicos y esta diferenciacià ³n es muy importante como se ver ms adelante en relacià ³n a la regla de los dos aà ±os. Este artà ­culo explica los requisitos fundamentales para participar en este programa de visa J-1 para alien physician. Por ejemplo, quià ©n puede ser patrocinador,   requisitos de certificacià ³n y para solicitar la visa, cambios de especializacià ³n, cà ³mo llevar a la familia y, por à ºltimo, la famosa regla de los dos aà ±os y cundo no aplica o es posible pedir una excepcià ³n. Finalmente, no confundir con el programa distinto de trainee o prcticas  con visa J-1, en el que tambià ©n pueden participar mà ©dicos, ya que las reglas son distintas. Patrocinador de mà ©dicos para la visa J-1 para especialidad o residencia La Comisià ³n Educativa para Graduados Mà ©dicos Extranjeros (ECFMG, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) es el à ºnico patrocinador reconocido por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Y es que de entre todas las visas no inmigrante con las que es posible viajar a Estados Unidos, las J-1 de intercambio tienen, entre sus requisitos, la necesidad de contar con un patrocinador, tambià ©n conocido como esponsorizador, que tiene que estar reconocido oficialmente.   Certificacià ³n de los estudios realizados por los mà ©dicos extranjeros Antes de solicitar la visa, la ECFMG tiene que certificar que el mà ©dico extranjero interesado en una visa J-1 est preparado para participar en un programa de especializacià ³n o investigacià ³n en Estados Unidos. El proceso de certificacià ³n es largo y complejo. Entre los requisitos, ser necesario demostrar los conocimientos mà ©dicos y tambià ©n un alto nivel de inglà ©s, tanto oral como escrito, que se mide mediante los resultados obtenidos en un examen conocido como TOEFL. Tambià ©n es imprescindible aprobar una de las siguientes pruebas: Partes I y II del National Board of Medical Examiners Examinationel Foreign Medical Graduate Examination, Step I y Step IIo el Visa Qualifying Examination (VQE) Todas esas pruebas son gestionadas por ECFMG. Requisitos para solicitar la visa J-1 para mà ©dicos subcategorà ­a alien physician Una vez obtenidos el certificado de la ECFMG y otros requisitos, esta organizacià ³n emite un documento conocido como DS-2919.   Tambià ©n es necesario una declaracià ³n por escrito del gobierno del paà ­s en el que reside el mà ©dico extranjero en el que se afirma que hay una necesidad en dicho paà ­s de doctores especializados en la rama que la que se va a buscar la especializacià ³n. Asimismo, se necesita un contrato u oferta de la institucià ³n en la que se ha sido admitido para realizar la especializacià ³n. Los candidatos extranjeros y los ciudadanos estadounidenses que estudiaron Medicina fuera de EEUU son considerados IMGs. Sus oportunidades durante el proceso que se conoce como Match para ligar candidato con institucià ³n acadà ©mica/hospital son generalmente no tan buenas como las de los graduados en facultades de Estados Unidos, por lo que se recomienda venderse agresivamente con los directores de los programas que interesan para levantar cualquier sospecha que pueda recaer sobre la calidad de sus estudios previos. Una vez que se tienen todos los pasos previos completados, ya se puede solicitar la visa J-1, lo cual se hace en là ­nea completando el formulario DS-160. El tiempo de tramitacià ³n depende del consulado o embajada y tambià ©n de las circunstancias personales del solicitante. Como parte de la tramitacià ³n es necesario pagar la cuota, que no se recupera si la visa no es aprobada. Tambià ©n se pasa por una entrevista en el consulado o embajada y en algà ºn momento del proceso, que varà ­a segà ºn la ubicacià ³n, se tomarn las huellas digitales del solicitante y una foto. Como en todo tipo de visas no inmigrante, las razones por las que puede haber un rechazo de la negacià ³n son muchas, distinguià ©ndose causas que convierten a una persona en inelegible y aquellas que lo convierten en inadmisible.   Si bien en la mayorà ­a de los casos el problema puede surgir porque el candidato no demuestra suficientemente que su intencià ³n no es quedarse en Estados Unidos. Es muy importante poder probar que se va a regresar al paà ­s de origen. Aunque no hay reglas expresas sobre quà © documentos utilizar, es de gran ayuda seguir las reglas generales que se utilizan para este fin cuando se solicita una visa de turista. Visas para familiares para mà ©dicos realizando la residencia en Estados Unidos El cà ³nyuge del solicitante de la visa J-1 y sus hijos solteros que son menores de 21 aà ±os pueden acompaà ±ar al mà ©dico a Estados Unidos. Su visa es una J-2, de dependiente. Para poder solicitarla es necesario solicitar a ECFMG que extienda el patrocinio a estos familiares. Trabajar en Estados Unidos   La finalidad del mà ©dico es especializarse. Para ello obviamente debe realizar prcticas en su campo, por las que ser compensado econà ³micamente. Sin embargo, lo que no puede hacer y est estrictamente prohibido es trabajar fuera del programa. Hacer tal cosa es una violacià ³n migratoria que puede provocar la cancelacià ³n de la visa. Cambios de especialidad mà ©dica Si el mà ©dico con una visa J-1 inicia una especializacià ³n y cambia de parecer y decide que prefiera otra, puede tramitar un cambio de la misma siempre y cuando todavà ­a no tenga completado el segundo aà ±o de la especializacià ³n.   Una vez iniciado el tercer aà ±o ya no es posible ese tipo de cambios. La regla de los dos aà ±os de permanencia fuera de EEUU En principio, los mà ©dicos que participan en un programa J-1 dentro de la categorà ­a de alien physician deben salir de Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os y residir en otro paà ­s durante ese tiempo. Esto NO quiere decir que no puedan viajar a USA   como turistas, quiere decir que no pueden obtener una visa de trabajo de la familia H o de la L o una green card. Esto afecta incluso a las personas casadas de buena fe con un ciudadano americano. En principio, les aplica esa regla. Pero hay excepciones. Por ejemplo, no aplica a los mà ©dicos cuya labor en los Estados Unidos fuera de investigacià ³n, observacià ³n o enseà ±anza y no tuvieran un contacto directo con pacientes. Adems, es posible pedir un permiso conocido como waiver para que no aplica esa regla. Requisitos para la waiver de los dos aà ±os Son 4 las posibilidades para pedir la waiver a la regla de residir dos aà ±os fuera de Estados Unidos al finalizar este programa: Que el Departamento de Salud de uno de los estados solicite una waiver a nombre de un mà ©dico determinado. Hay un mximo de 30 por estado por aà ±o fiscal. Es lo que se conoce como el programa Conrad 30 waiver.Que una agencia del gobierno solicite la waiver.Que se dà © la circunstancia de que si el mà ©dico retornase a su paà ­s de origen que pudiera ser perseguido por razà ³n de su raza, religià ³n u opiniones polà ­ticas.Que estuviera casado con una persona ciudadana americana o residente permanente legal o que tuviera hijos con esos estatus y si el mà ©dico o la doctora tuviera que salir de Estados Unidos se producirà ­a una situacià ³n de extrema dureza para el familiar ciudadano o residente. Opciones para trabajar en USA como mà ©dico al finalizar la especializacià ³n   Tras finalizar el programa y cumplir la regla de los dos aà ±os, si se est obligado a cumplirla, -recordar que los mà ©dicos no clà ­nicos no estn sujetos a ella-, se puede obtener una visa de inmigrante (green card) o una de trabajo. Los mà ©dicos pueden visas L-1 de transfer o H-1B para profesionales. En cuanto a las green card, existen varios caminos para obtenerlos, incluidas las de por razà ³n de trabajo incluyendo la categorà ­a de extranjero de habilidad extraordinaria y la de residencia con waiver por razà ³n de interà ©s nacional. Tener en cuenta que en estos momentos est paralizada la opcià ³n que permità ­a a los doctores interesados en prestar servicio en el Ejà ©rcito a travà ©s del programa  Mavni, que abrà ­a las puertas a la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a de un modo inmediato. Finalmente, los mà ©dicos se encuentran entre los profesionales mejor pagados de Estados Unidos, si bien hay notable diferencia segà ºn la especialidad, aà ±os de prctica e, incluso, ubicacià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Healthcare system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Healthcare system - Research Paper Example gans such as centers for Medicare and Medicaid services, Department of Justice besides Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General. It outlines important clauses of the contract including payments and price, conflict resolution, contract termination or suspension among other key clauses. The document ensures a smooth and efficient arrangement of terms of contract between the service providers and the local authorities who commission the contract. As a result of the massive financial losses that have been experienced from disloyal and non-abiding medical professionals by patients, a number of mechanisms and legal provisions have been laid down to curb this act of fraud by the professionals. Such mechanisms have seen the states recover huge amount of cash from the fraudulent activities. The issue was treated with much weight that it formed one of the debated issues that was given priority in the congress proceedings in the United States of America. The mechanisms that were put in place to curb the act included establishment of statutes by the federal government and enactment of strict health legislation reforms under the patient protection and affordable care act. This research paper looks comprehensively into the statutes that were put in place by the federal government and some of the amendments that were done to the them by the patient protection act in a bid to see the patients of the country not overexploited and abused. The federal government provided severe penalties such including criminal and civil penalties and excluding an individual from the health care programs of the federal government all as a way of combating fraud. This law is also known as the physician self-referral statute prevented a medical practitioner from referring a beneficiary of Medicaid and Medicare to a an entity to be provided with any form of health care services in case there are direct financial links between the entity and either the medical

Humanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Humanism - Essay Example In contrast to the medieval humanists, the scholars of the new Humanist culture greatly popularized learning, because they focused on the way people describe the world rather than on its reality, and they are known as nominalists. They denied the existence or the knowability of the universal forms that supposedly make up the world It is important to comprehend the late medieval mystic and pious revivals as partly a reaction to the late medieval church hierarchy and the disorder of the church. These revivals as well as the ill-fated movements of doctrinal reform were characterized by lay mysticism and piety, female piety, the mystics, brethren of the common life, the Lollards etc. Therefore, the late medieval mystic and pious revivals reflected the widespread dissatisfaction with official teachings in the late 1300s and 1400s. Mysticism, or the interior sense of the direct presence and love of God, was an important consequence of the late medieval mystic and pious revivals, and it was illustrated by confraternities, or the religious guilds founded for laypersons. "The growth of lay piety was, in essence, an effort to give everyone access to forms of faith that hitherto had been restricted to a spiritual elite. Frightened by the disasters of the age, people hungered for emotional reassurance, for evidence of Go d's love and redeeming grace within themselves." (Tradition and Change in Europe Culture, 1300-1500).

Assessment Strategies Essay Example for Free

Assessment Strategies Essay There are two types of Assessment strategies: 1.)Formative Assessment 2.)Summative Assessment Formative Assessment is carried out at regular intervals in every teaching session so that you can monitor progress, and check that the learners are on target and are achieving the intended learning outcomes and make changes if necessary. Summative Assessment takes place at the end of a session or course and is used to assess the learning outcomes are achieved and if there were any difficulties or problems. A lesson plan prepares a lot of importance and benefits both the teacher and the learner, as a teacher it keeps you on track to accomplish the aims and objectives in a logical order. A good teacher communicates their passion for the subject they are delivering to their learners in an interesting, clear and concise manner. Not all students learn in a conventional way and as a teacher you may have to adapt as necessary to ensure learning outcomes are met. This will include different styles of teaching to engage the learner and finding the most effective way of getting the subject across to the class e.g. student participation, class activities, role playing, modelling and questioning. This will continue to motivate, engage, stimulate and promote participation in the class. The assessment stage of teaching is away of making sure as a teacher that the learner has gained the required skills and knowledge needed for them to gain the relevant qualification. Methods of assessment include written exam questions, observation, group questioning and witness testimonies. Evaluation is an essential part of their teaching cycle and is a process that ensured continious improvement in your teaching. You can achieve this by carrying out regular reviews, listening to feedback and evaluations from the learners, employers and training providers by completing the questionnaires, discussions, suggestion boxes and self-assessment audits.

Theme Writing in a Five Paragraph Structured Form :: Writing Education Teaching Essays

Theme Writing in a Five Paragraph Structured Form I'll just run off five quick paragraphs with a couple big words and a solid structure and I'll breeze through another paper. Let the nonsense begin. I never really liked my parents. I found out in high school that if you disagree with anyone, expect detention. Now I found myself in a new setting. I was surrounded by people yearning to write, straining to listen, dying to learn. I was in expository writing 220. I looked around and noticed that everyone seemed to be sitting in the proper first day arrangement, guys on one side, girls on the other. One person refused to be like the others in the group. He crouched down on the table. I would later get to know him as Dave, the writing center guy. As I started to get comfortable a man walked in. He was slender in build and walked with authority but looked more like one of us than one of them. He walked in crumbling tennis shoes and matched awkwardly, like people used to in the seventies. Things would be a little different then I was a custom to, it turned out he was the professor. Weeks passed. He taught us how to catch errors and how not to write. He taught us that theme writing was b ad, real bad. He taught us how to use our voice and how it important it was to get the feeling out of a paper. Then he told us to write. I looked around the room. I watched people with confused eyes, flaring nostrils, pulsating ears. "How do we stray away from theme writing when that's all we done our whole lives?" Nobody asked the question, "why have we done that our entire life?" I can tell you why. It's a simple way of writing and except in this classroom, it's excepted college wide as an excellent way to set up a paper. So is our professor a little confused? Theme writing and simple five paragraph papers are exactly were it's at. What a great opening paragraph. It states what the paper is going to be about with out actually coming out and saying it, and the creativity of my word choice and variation of sentence length should stray m.c. from realizing I have no clue what I'm actually talking about. Just three paragraphs backing up my thesis left and a soft conclusion and I'm done, piece of cake.

Content and Process Theories of Motivation Essay

Motivation is simply the methods by which an organisation can encourage it employees to increase their performance, both in quantity of output and in quality. Performance could also be in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and economy in the organisation’s operations. simply put, motivation is about the ways a business can encourage staff to give their best. The term motivation has been defined by different scholars using different formats and views, according to Dr Stephen P. Robbins, this is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (S. P. Robbins, Organizational Behaviour 9ed, p.155). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary says that motivation is the act or process of motivating, the condition of being motivated, a motivating for a stimulus or influence, incentive, drive. Jones, George & Hill (2000) Motivation as physical forces that determine the direction of a person’s behaviour, a person’s level of effort and a person’s level of persistence in the face of obstacles. S.Hall believes motivation to be a process where members of a group pull together to effect an organisation through loyalty and commitment. some of these authors have gone as far as developing theories and models to help explain the motivation process. These include The Abraham Maslow hierarchy of Needs, Frederick Herzberg’s motivation and hygiene factors etc. Content and process theories of motivation The sum total of motivation theories can be broadly classified into two main categories; the content theories and the process theories. Content Theories deal with â€Å"what† motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals. Authors like Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McClelland studied motivation from a â€Å"content† perspective. Content theorists believe that everyone has the same set of needs and expectations from a job. these needs are in physical, social and psychological forms. Process Theories deal with the â€Å"process† of motivation and is concerned with â€Å"how† motivation occurs. Authors such as Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a â€Å"process† perspective. Process theories are more individualistic. ie they assume each individual has his/her unique set of needs and hence unique motivational factors. Content Theories deal with â€Å"what† motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McClelland studied motivation from a â€Å"content† perspective. Process Theories deal with the â€Å"process† of motivation and is concerned with â€Å"how† motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a â€Å"process† perspective.

Demand of Corn Oil

Rising oil prices in the United States have forced discussion on seeking alternative energy sources. One option that keeps being discussed by researchers is the usage of corn oil as a viable solution. This paper will explore the economic factors such as supply, demand and price elasticity around corn oil and its substitute soybeans. Supply of Soybeans If the demand for corn increases due to is use as an alternative energy source, the supply of corn's substitutes such as soybeans will decrease. Based upon the determinants of supply – producers, resources, market expectations, subsidies and taxes and technology – the factors point to a decrease in supply. The number of producers of soybeans may decrease. Some farmers may choose to use some of their land to grow corn as opposed to soybeans, to meet the increase in corn demand. A decrease in producers would also cause a decrease in resources used to grow soybeans. Also, the market would expect corn as that is what is being touted as the viable energy source, so there's more pressure on farmers to have corn. The US government currently gives subsidies to corn farmers, which gives them an even bigger incentive to grow corn instead of soybeans. While the technology is there to grow soybeans, there is only so much farm space and corn is the primary focal point. Price of Corn Oil If the demand for corn increases, the price of corn oil will also decrease. Whenever demand for something increases, and the supply for that item decreases, it drives the price of it up in the marketplace. It becomes that much more valuable as it's that much harder to attain. If everyone wants corn, but there's only so much corn available, the corn farmers can charge more for it because they know consumers will be willing to pay more to have it. Price Elasticity of Demand and Total Revenue According to Wally Sparks' article, corn is an inelastic good because there are so few substitutes for it (Sparks, 2007). When a good is inelastic, that means that customers are not as sensitive to price changes, versus those of an elastic good. So even when corn prices were at an all time high years ago, people were still consuming corn because in the short run, they had few other options. When a good is inelastic, and the price of that good goes up, total revenues also go up. Let's say corn was $8/barrel and a farmer normally sells 100 barrels. That will yield $800 for that farmer. Well if he raises the prices to $10/barrel and still sells at least 100 barrels – since th good is inelastic and demand hasn't changed – that same farmer has now made $1,000. While this is just a made-up example, it shows how the increase in price yields more total revenue when a good is inelastic. Conclusion Supply and demand are king in understanding and predicting market trends. When something is in high demand, sometimes producers aren't able to make enough of it quickly enough. This causes prices to go up because supply is down. This principle applies to everything from the cars we drive to the food we eat, and in this case the corn oil we use.

Biography of Emmanuel Kant Essay Example

Biography of Emmanuel Kant Essay Example Biography of Emmanuel Kant Essay Biography of Emmanuel Kant Essay Essay Topic: Immanuel Kant Known by many in the field as the male parent of modern doctrine. Immanuel Kant questioned many of the premises held in his twenty-four hours. He focused much of his work on the kingdom of human idea. apprehension. and possible. His thoughts about observation. acquisition. and experientialism set the case in point for all philosophers who followed him. Born in the early 1720s. Kant lived in what was known as East Prussia ( now a portion of Kaliningrad. Russia ) . There. he was able to procure a teaching place for about 10 old ages when he began working at Konigsberg University. He would stay a portion of their staff for about five decennaries lending to the rise and popularity of doctrine of the twenty-four hours. Not much more is known about Kant’s before life. He did travel on to holding several of his pieces published. although none were an exact autobiography. In his Review of Pure Reason. he discussed and raised interesting points about human cognition. Instrumental on Kant’s ain thoughts was the work of philosopher David Hume. who agreed that human experience could be used for understanding. but that it should non be used to explicate every phenomena we encounter in nature or in the existent universe. Kant built upon this thought. He stated that new experiences could be formulated based on past experiences because it our past that helps us larn about our hereafter. He believed that the human head organized events and thoughts into classs that could be accessed subsequently to find how we might respond in a certain experience. He came up with the word to depict the paradox of apprehension: thing-in-itself. Kant’s ain statements about the being of God were besides non good accepted at his clip. He believed that adult male could non apologize God because it was non something that we had experienced earlier. In other words. we might be able to impute certain features to Him. but it is finally limited by our ain human apprehension of the existence. In kernel. we could neer come near to truly understanding who God is and foretell what He is traveling to make. | [ movie ] | [ movie ] | [ movie ] | [ movie ] | [ movie ] | .

70 Words and Phrases to Identify a Horse

70 Words and Phrases to Identify a Horse 70 Words and Phrases to Identify a Horse 70 Words and Phrases to Identify a Horse By Mark Nichol An extensive vocabulary surrounds the various subjects pertaining to horses. Below is a list of contemporary and historical words and phrases referring to horses distinguished by characteristics such as color or type of use (but not by breed- hundreds of distinct breeds exist). Some entries also include other meanings for the terms. 1. bay: a reddish-brown horse 2. black: a black horse 3. bronco: a wild horse of North America’s western region 4. buckskin: a yellowish horse with a dark mane and tail; also, the skin of a deer and the leather produced from it, or, previously, to a person dressed in such leather 5. carriage horse: a horse selected, based on appearance and graceful gait, to draw a carriage 6. cart horse: a horse used to draw heavy loads 7. charger: a horse ridden in battle, tournaments, or parades; also, a large platter 8. chestnut: a grayish-brown or reddish-brown horse; also, a type of tree, the wood of the tree, or the nuts produced by the tree (and to the horse chestnut, a separate species), as well as a callus on a horse’s leg or a tired joke, expression, or song 9. chunk: a strong, stocky horse smaller than a draft horse; also, a large or thick amount or part of something 10. cob: a stocky, short-legged horse; also, an ear of corn or the core of it, a male swan, a clay-and-straw mixture for building structures, or a type of Spanish coin 11. cold blood: any one of various breeds of horses bred for calmness and strength 12. colt: a young male horse; also, a young, inexperienced person or a member of a youth sports team 13. courser: an energetic, fast horse 14. cow horse: a saddle horse trained for herding cattle 15. cow pony: see â€Å"cow horse† 16. cutting horse: a saddle horse trained to separate animals from a herd 17. destrier: see charger 18. dobbin: a slow horse, or a horse used on a farm 19. draft horse: see â€Å"cart horse† (also spelled, in British English, â€Å"draught horse†) 20. dun: a grayish-yellow horse with a dark mane and tail; also, that color, or drab and dull 21. feral horse: a free-roaming horse of domesticated ancestry, often loosely referred to as a â€Å"wild horse† 22. field hunter: see hunter 23. filly: a young female horse; also, a girl or a young woman 24. foal: a horse less than a year old; the phrase â€Å"in foal† means â€Å"pregnant† 25. galloper: a fast horse 26. gelding: a castrated horse 27. grade horse: a horse of unknown breed or mixed breed 28. hack: a horse available for hire, a worn-out horse, or an easygoing saddle horse (and see hackney); also, a ride on a horse, a vehicle that can be hired for transportation or its driver, a person (especially a writer) who works primarily for financial gain, an inexperienced or inept athlete, or a computer expert or someone who accesses a computer or a computer system to steal information or cause damage (or an instance of such an act) 29. hackney: a horse for riding or driving (and, capitalized, a breed of small, high-stepping horse); also, a vehicle that can be hired for transportation 30. hot blood: any one of various breeds of horses bred for agility and speed 31. hunter: a strong horse used in fox hunting and stag hunting; also, a person who hunts wild animals or a dog trained to help in hunting, or a person who searches for something (as a treasure hunter), or a type of pocket watch 32. Iberian horse: any one of various breeds of horse once bred in Spain and Portugal 33. jade: a worn-out or temperamental horse; also, a flirtatious or disreputable girl or woman 34. jennet: previously, a small horse from Spain; also, a donkey or a stallion-donkey hybrid (also called a jenny) 35. mare: a mature female horse (or other similar animal); also, a supernatural being that was said to cause nightmares 36. mount: a saddle horse (and an instance of riding a horse, especially in a race); also, a frame or a support, or a mound or a mountain 37. mustang: a small, strong wild horse of North America’s western region; also, a commissioned officer in the military who began service as an enlisted person 38. nag: an old, worn-out horse; also, someone who annoys with repeated complaints or comments 39. Oriental horse: any one of various breeds of horse bred in the Middle East 40. pack horse: a horse used for carrying supplies 41. paint: a horse with patches of white and another color (sometimes distinguished from pinto to describe a pinto with quarter horse or Thoroughbred ancestry); also, a liquid layer applied to an object or structure, or slang for makeup or, in basketball (as â€Å"the paint†), the free throw lane 42. palfrey: a saddle horse other than one ridden in battle, or a small, easygoing horse to be ridden by a lady 43. palomino: a light cream or golden horse 44. piebald: a horse (or any other animal) spotted with white and another color, especially black; also, a spotted pattern like this 45. pinto: see paint 46. plug: see nag; also, something used to connect devices or to stop a hole or something resembling one, a piece of compressed tobacco, or a favorable mention that provides good publicity 47. polo pony: a horse used in the sport of polo 48. pony: a small, stocky horse (or in plural form, as slang, racehorses); also, a small glass for beer or liqueur, or a word-for-word translation of a text in a foreign language, especially when used to cheat on an examination 49. quarter horse: a small, strong horse good at running fast for short distances 50. racehorse: a horse bred and trained for competitive racing 51. riding pony: one of several types of horse used in competitive horseback riding 52. road horse: a horse used for pulling a carriage on a road 53. roan: a horse whose hide has white hairs mixed with a darker color; also, such a mixture, especially with a base of red 54. rouncey: an all-purpose horse ridden during the Middle Ages, as distinct from a warhorse (also spelled rouncy or rounsey) 55. saddle horse: a horse used for riding 56. show hunter: a hunter (see hunter) used in competitive horseback riding rather than for hunting 57. show pony: a type of riding pony (see â€Å"riding pony†) 58. skate: see nag; also, a shoe or an attachment for a shoe equipped with wheels (for rolling on a hard surface) or a blade (for sliding on ice), or a period of skating, or a flat fish with large fins, or slang for man 59. skewbald: a horse with patches of white and any other color than black 60. sorrel: a brownish-orange or light brown horse (or other animal); also, that color, or any one of several plants that produce a sour juice 61. sport horse: a horse used in various horseback-riding competitions (also spelled sporthorse) 62. stallion: an adult male horse (or other animal), especially one used for breeding 63. steed: a horse that is ridden, especially an energetic one 64. stock horse: a horse used in herding cattle 65. thoroughbred: a horse (or other animal) whose parents are from the same breed; technically, in capitalized form, a particular breed often bred for racing 66. trotter: a horse trained to trot in races; also, a pig’s foot used in cooking 67. warhorse: a large horse ridden in battle; also, a person with much experience (especially a politician or a soldier) or a familiar piece of visual or performing art 68. warmblood: any one of various breeds of horses bred to combine the characteristics of cold-blood and hot-blood types of horse 69. workhorse: a horse used for work other than riding, driving, or racing; also, a dependable, hardworking person or machine 70. working hunter: a type of show hunter (see â€Å"show hunter†) used in fence-jumping competition Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Glycosylated Haemoglobin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Glycosylated Haemoglobin - Essay Example In case blood glucose level is well within control and gives stable results, the test is performed every six months intervals. The long-term or chronic complications of diabetes are those that characteristically occur after years of high blood sugar levels. These are diabetic macrovascular and microvascular diseases. The long term complications correlate well with A1c levels.(Web ref 2). Wild and Bains (2004) cautioned clinical laboratories and point-of-care testing to be careful of the interferences produced in assays by variant Hbs. The majority arise from point mutations in the , , , or Hb chains. Herman et al (2007) also raised the important question of whether A1c can be used as a diagnostic test for diabetes detection and control in ethnic minorities whose mean A1c concentration vary significantly from whites. In the light of these observations the current project intends to analyse literature particularly on blood glucose tests, long term complications of high blood sugar and applicability of HbA1c test to ethnic diabetics. Studies have shown that glycohaemoglobin values in the "better ranges" correlate with less incidences of diabetic complications later in life (Table 1; Fig 1 b). Type 1 diabetics will typically have hemoglobin A1c levels determined every 3 to 4 months, while Type 2 diabetics will require measurements less often (Web ref 3; Web ref 1). It so because Red blood cells are replaced in about 90 days thus test gives blood glucose levels for that period. Normal blood glucose levels are below 6 percent HbA1c however these vary laboratory to laboratory (McCool and Woodruff 1999; Web ref 1) HbA1c levels compare well with blood glucose levels as shown below: Table 1. Comparison of HbA1c test and Blood glucose levels (from McCool and Woodruff 1999) HbA1c Level of control Blood glucose (mg/dl) 5 % 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% Excellent Excellent Good Acceptable Poor Poor Poor Poor 90 mg/dl 120 mg/dl 150 mg/dl 180 mg/dl 210 mg/dl 240 mg/dl 270 mg/dl 300 mg/dl The rapid fluctuations in blood glucose that normally occur are smoothed out and the long-term level of glucose is now available to clinicians as a HbA1c test, because glycosylated hemoglobin has been shown to correlate with the integrated average blood consumption of glucose over the preceding six to eight weeks (Nathan 1990). Moreover, No preparation is necessary. Fig1 b) Controlled and uncontrolled diabetes conditions. (from Web ref 1) Controlled diabetes, less blood glucose results in less glycosylated haemoglobin Uncontrolled diabetes, more blood glucose results in high glycosylated haemoglobin HbA1c is also a reasonably sensitive test for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) which occurs in pregnant women. The test when conducted on pregnant women, it could pick up 87.1 cases of GDM successfully. The study gives a good alternative to OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) which is inconvenient and requires fasting (Aldasouqi et al, 2008). The HbA1c test earlier done in laboratories only is now available in relatively economical home version as well (Web ref 4). The control of HbA1c and avoiding long term diabetic complications are discussed later. Diabetes: An overview The word 'diabetes'

Why Did Dinosaurs Become Extinct Research Paper

Why Did Dinosaurs Become Extinct - Research Paper Example Dinosaurs are also one such specie which became extinct over a period of time, who are believed to be a set of animals being either herbivores or ever carnivores, also being ornithopods or even quadrupeds with extremely long tails or legs. Usually, their leg are stretched erect beneath their bodies however, the fossil record indicates that they have been found in many distinct forms over the period of time. They have been found in various locales distributed widely over the planet earth and vary from terrestrial to marine beings. Dinosaurs are believed to be extinct by the end of the Cretaceous period. In other words, these dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years ago, though they have been found to be living on earth for about 165 million years ago (When did dinosaurs become extinct 2012). There have been many explanations for the extinction of the dinosaurs, for instance the asteroid impact, disease, volcanic eruptions etc, however, the most widely accepted theory is the cli mate change theory, and thus this paper aims at discussing all these reasons and theories in details to locate which explanation offers the most convincing account of what actually happened. Starting off with the Asteroid theory which is also one of the most popular theories floating in this context, it implies that the extinction owes much to the hitting of a comet or an asteroid about 65 million years ago.... Thus, since the effect was too extreme to handle, survival rate was technically zero. According to the researchers, this asteroid was about 4-9 miles in length and evidence indicates that it hit the earth at the Yucatan Peninsula which is found at the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover, due to the huge size of the comet, the after effects were also quite massive, i.e. severe storms, huge forest fires etc hit mother earth and thus dinosaurs were nowhere to be seen following this event, and it is also said that it took about six months after the event for the sunlight to appear again. However, certain assumptions tend to negate this very theory, as the facts recovered by scientists indicate. For instance, the element or rather the chemical which leads towards the resistance for sunlight reducing photosynthesis or to cause other changes, is caused by the element Iridium which is found generally in meteors and causes these massive effects. Though the size of the meteor as indicated by the scientis ts was large enough to cause the destruction, but another shocking indication completely negates the proposition. Reason being that though one hand where all meteors contain Iridium, Comet doesn’t. Also the material found later on indicates that the material was either too high or too low to cause massive destruction, thus, this fact completely negates the destruction. Thus, while making logical connections and deriving conclusions, all facts have to be kept into mind and if any of these assumptions is ignored faulty propositions come up, thus propositions of this theory need to study this theory in detail. The second explanation which the scientists give to justify the extinction of the dinosaurs is the volcanic eruptions. Usually, whenever there is an eruption in the volcanoes,

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 28

Research Paper Example Many societies around the world suffer from poverty as a result of poor methods of sustainable development in the past(DeNavas-Walt and Proctor, 11). Poverty in various societies around the world is rooted from cultural and historical events. For instance, Poverty in America is portrayed by economic inflation created in the transition from the period after the American Revolution which was inspired by rebuilding strategies as the nation had undergone through a massive loss of lives and property worth billions of dollars. This document looks at the difference and similarities depicted in the transition with a comparison to Orwell’s concept of poverty as written in â€Å"Down and Out in Paris and London.† Orwell’s â€Å"Down and Out in Paris and London,† is a reflection of the current poverty state in some parts of the United States as it consists of similar events which link the 20th and 21st century. Down and Out in Paris and London,† is George Orwell’s story about the poverty state of immigrants living in Paris and London. In the story, the narrator tells the challenges that befall foreigners when in search for employment in a foreign land. He acquired his first job as a dishwasher in one of the hotels in Paris where employees who were mostly foreigners worked for twelve hours each day of the week with little pay. This made him live in a small and inveterately dirty room as there were no maids to clean the room since they were extremely cheap. The narrator’s place of residence depicted poverty in the immigrant society as most of his neighbours were foreigners from different countries in Europe with few coming from other continents around the world. The narrator describes the condition of the room in which he lived while in Paris saying, â€Å"The walls were as thin as matchwood, and to hide the cracks they had been covered with layer after layer of pink pap er, which had come loose and housed

Puff And Fresh Restaurant Billing System Computer Science Essay

Puff And Fresh Restaurant Billing System Computer Science Essay Puff and Fresh is a popular Restaurant where a large number of Customers Visited. It is very important to have a successful Billing system for the Restaurant. Currently the Restaurant has manual billing system which has many faults when maintain the Bills. Therefore it is good to maintain a computerize system to reduce the errors and to reduce the tiresome Billing system. This documentation contains information on how the Billing system has been created. Facts are discussed under the following topics: The documentation has clearly defined the above topics and there importance of the system. All requirements have been reasoned out and proper conclusions have been made. 1. Introduction Puff and Fresh is a Restaurant. At present Puff and Fresh maintain manual Billing system and they need a computerize approach to maintain Bills. Puff and Fresh shows the customer the different breakfast items offered by the restaurant. Allow the customer to select more than one item from the menu. Calculate and Print the billà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. It is required to develop a C++ application that could Print Menu Item, Price, Amount etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The program is needed to have a user interface which contains the functionalities such as inserting number of adults and children. Choosing the menu and ordering the menu. Creating the bill and print the bill. The aim of this assignment is to present the knowledge the students have gathered this module; C ++ programming. The assignment is divided into their respective sections, and each section has its own objectives, which are to be achieved successfully. Basic fact finding techniques have been followed and the preliminary investigation has been conducted to find out the problems faced by Puff and Fresh Restaurant. The current manual billing system consists of errors mentioned below. Puff and fresh has daily customers. The Bills are stored in files and when the administration needs to access a particular bill, they have to manually go through the files and find it. This is often time consuming and can be a tiresome task. Maintaining records in files over account details require a lot of space and those records may be damaged or misused due to the poor security measures the Restaurant has taken. Since there are a lot of files to be handled, Puff and fresh has needed to handle accounts informations. This is an additional cost. And also the puff and fresh has to spend on paper and other stationary that are needed to store the billing system. A full feasibility study has been conducted and its results show that a computerized system for Puff and fresh is economically, legally and technically feasible to implement. 3. Solution for the problem. The preliminary investigation has given a clear idea about the problem the Puff and Fresh is currently facing. It is clear that the Restaurant needs a computerized system to run and manage the Bill process. Prototyping life cycle model been chosen as the appropriate life cycle model to be used to implement the system. Results from the E-R diagrams and the data flow diagrams have given an idea about the entities and their relationships. The new computerized system has been designed and created in a manner to solve all the problems the Restaurant is currently facing. Entering no of adults: The computerized system is created to identify the amount of adults. This reduces the work of the staff by preventing manual entry of the number and so it prevents errors. Entering no of childrens: The computerized system is created to identify the amount of childrens. This reduces the work of the staff by preventing manual entry of the number and so it prevents errors. Requesting orders: this program can identify the request orders without any errors. The system is password protected and the users have to enter a password to log into the system. This prevents unauthorized users logging into the system. 4. Flowcharts and pseudo codes for the system. 4.1Request Password function Pseudo code Request Password () Char password Char enter Password Open file password Read from file password Struct Print user id Print password Get input enter id Get input enter password If enter id and password = id and password is true then Print user authenticated press enter to login the program Else Print no such login information you entered user id of password invalid please try againà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ End if Close file While Enter user id and password! = administrator, password End while Return 4.2 Printing main menu Pseudo code Meals () Print welcome to puff and fresh breakfast billing system Print item no menu item price Print 1 string hoppers Rs65.00 Print 2 egg sandwich Rs15.00 Print 3 thosai with chutney Rs18.50 Print 4 parata Rs10.50 Print 5 sausage bun Rs30.00 Print 6 fish roll Rs25.00 Print 7 plain tea Rs10.00 Print 8 coffee Rs15.00 Print 9 tea Rs20.00 Print 10 fruit juice Rs22.50 End 4.3 Main menu Pseudo code Meals () Print welcome to puff and fresh breakfast billing system Print item no menu item price Print 1 string hoppers Rs65.00 Print 2 egg sandwich Rs15.00 Print 3 thosai with chutney Rs18.50 Print 4 parata Rs10.50 Print 5 sausage bun Rs30.00 Print 6 fish roll Rs25.00 Print 7 plain tea Rs10.00 Print 8 coffee Rs15.00 Print 9 tea Rs20.00 Print 10 fruit juice Rs22.50 Do while Print enter number of adults Get input number of adults Print enter number of children Get input number of children Do while Print adult Print please enter your orders Get input menu number Print please enter amount of order Get input amount order Print would you like to enter more orders (Y/N) Get input y or n If Input y Print please enter your orders Else Print children Print please enter your orders Get input menu number Print please enter amount of order Get input amount order Print would you like to enter more orders (Y/N) Get input y or n If input y print please enter your orders Else Print puff and fresh billing system Print adults/children amount total Print would you like to continue (y/n)? If Input get y Return Main menu Else Exit 5. Header files used in the program. #include//for input and output library #include// for string data types #include//for search and sorting (standerd library) #include//for mathematics #include// for string data types #include// for header files console input/outputs 5.1 User defined functions used in the the program double price[10] = {65.00 , 15.00 , 18.50 , 10.50 , 30.00 , 25.00 , 10.00 , 15.00 , 20.00 , 22.50 }; //prices of the items double mealTaxPrices[10]; // prices of the tax prices of the meals int adultNumber,childNumber;// number of adults and childern void printMeals();// fuction to print the meals void orderMeals();// function to order the meals double orderForAdult();// function to order for adults double orderForChildren();// function to order for childern void get_password();// function to get the password static struct account accounts[] = { //user names and passwords of the program void get_password ( char *pwd, int size )//function to get the paswwords int main ()//fucntion to main 6. Coding of the Puff and fresh Billing System // +++++++++++++ Puff and Fresh billing System ++++++++++++ #include//for input and output library #include// for string data types #include//for search and sorting (standerd library) #include//for mathematics #include// for string data types #include// for header files console input/outputs // Declaring Functions double price[10] = {65.00 , 15.00 , 18.50 , 10.50 , 30.00 , 25.00 , 10.00 , 15.00 , 20.00 , 22.50 }; //prices of the items double mealTaxPrices[10]; // prices of the tax prices of the meals int adultNumber,childNumber;// number of adults and childern void printMeals();// fuction to print the meals void orderMeals();// function to order the meals double orderForAdult();// function to order for adults double orderForChildren();// function to order for childern void get_password();// function to get the password //arrays for the password #define FIELD_SIZE 25 #define length(array) ( sizeof (array) / sizeof (array)[i] ) struct account { char *id; char *password; }; static struct account accounts[] = { //user names and passwords of the program { Administrator, password }, { Tuwan, icbt } }; int is_authorized ( const char *uid, const char *pwd )//password is correct { int i; for ( i = 0; i if ( stricmp ( uid, accounts[i].id ) == 0 strcmp ( pwd, accounts[i].password ) ==0 ) { return 1; } } return 0; } void get_password ( char *pwd, int size )//function to get the paswwords { int i = 0; int ch; while ( i if ( ch == b ) { if ( i != 0 ) { printf ( b%cb, ); i; } } else { putchar ( * ); pwd[i++] = (char)ch; } } pwd[i] = ; } int main ()//fucntion to main { system (cls);//to clear the screen system (color 0c);//This function help to change color in command prompt char uid[FIELD_SIZE]; char pwd[FIELD_SIZE]; //print the Login printf(t -n);//print this line printf(t ********** Welcome to Puff and Fresh Restaurant **********n);//print this line printf(t -nnnn);//print this line printf(Login by keying in your details below :-nn);//print this line printf ( User ID: );//print this line fflush ( stdout ); if ( fgets ( uid, sizeof uid, stdin ) != NULL ) { char *newline = strchr ( uid, n ); if ( newline != NULL ) *newline = ; printf ( Password: );//print this line fflush ( stdout ); get_password ( pwd, sizeof pwd ); if ( is_authorized ( uid, pwd ) ) //If entered the correct data then this meseage will display. printf(nnt >n); else { //If entered wrong then this error meseage will display and exit. printf(nnttt>); printf(nnt>n); system(pause); return main (); } } getchar(); printMeals(); char response = y; //print this in the main menu asking number of adults and number of chilrdren printMeals(); while(response == y|| response == Y) { printf( please enter number of adults :);//print this line scanf(%d,adultNumber); printf( please enter number of children:);//print this line scanf(%d,childNumber); orderMeals(); printf(n would you like to continue(y/n):);//print this line scanf(n%c,response); } //in the bill this will print printf(n ******************** THANK YOU FOR COMING ************************n);//print this line printf( 20********************** PLEASE VISIT US NEXT TIME **************************20 n);//print this line system(pause); return 0; } void printMeals()//fuction to print meals { char code; system(cls);//to clear the screen system (color f3);//This function help to change color in command prompt printf( Puff and fresh Copyright: (C)2010 Tuwan.nn); //print this line printf( 20=======================================================================20n); //print this line printf( 20********************* WELCOME TO PUFF AND FRESH ***********************20n); //print this line printf( 20********************* Breakfast Billing System ***********************20n); //print this line printf( 20=======================================================================20nnn); //print this line printf( tt Below is the menue:20nn); //print this line printf( tt Item NotMenu ItemttPrice:n); //print this line printf( tt 22*******************************22nn); //print this line printf( tt 1- tString HoppersttRs.65.50n); //print this line printf( tt 2-ttEgg SandwitchttRs.15.00n); //print this line printf( tt 3- tThosai with ChutneytRs.18.50n); //print this line printf( tt 4- tParatatttRs.10.50n); //print this line printf( tt 5- tSausages BunttRs.30.00n); //print this line printf( tt 6- tFish RollttRs.25.00n); //print this line printf( tt 7- tPlain TeattRs.10.00n); //print this line printf( tt 8- tCoffeetttRs.15.00n); //print this line printf( tt 9- tTeatttRs.20.00n);//print this line printf( tt 10- tFruit JuicettRs.22.50n);//print this line printf(n); } void orderMeals() //function to print order meals { double totalPriceForAdult, totalPriceForChildren; double allPayment,discount; printf( tt**** ORDER MENUE****n); //print this line totalPriceForAdult = orderForAdult(); totalPriceForChildren = orderForChildren(); allPayment = totalPriceForAdult + totalPriceForChildren ; system(cls);//to clear the screen system (color f4);//This function help to change color in command prompt printf(t 20==================================================20);//print this line printf(n tt 22****** WELCOME TO PUFF AND FRESH ******22 n);//print this line printf( tt*********** Breakfast Billing System ************ n);//print this line printf( t 20=============================================================20nn);//print this line printf( ttAdult/ChildttAmountttTotal Pricen);//print this line printf( ttadultsttt%dtt%5.2fn,adultNumber,totalPriceForAdult);//print adult amount and the price of the adult printf( ttchildrentt%dtt%5.2fn,childNumber,totalPriceForChildren);//print child amount and the price of the child printf( ttTotal billtttt%5.2fn,allPayment );//print the toal bill //arithmetic of the bill if(allPayment discount=((allPayment * 0.5)/100); else if(allPayment>= 10 allPayment discount=((allPayment * 1)/100); else if(allPayment>= 20 allPayment discount=((allPayment * 1.5)/100); else if(allPayment>= 30 allPayment discount=((allPayment * 2.0)/100); else discount= ((allPayment * 5.0)/100); printf( ttTotal bill after discounttt%5.2fnn,allPayment-discount);//print total bill anfter discount printf( t No 234, peradeniya road, Kandy. Tel:- 081-2345678nn);//print this line } double orderForAdult() //fuction to print orders for adult { int menuOption,i,amount; char response = y; double totalPerPerson = 0.0,totalAllPerson = 0.0; double tax = 5.0; if(adultNumber printf(n ); else printf(*tadults:n);//print this line for(i=0;i { printf( adult %d please enter your ordersn,i+1);//print this line while(response == y || response == Y) { printf( please enter your option:);//print this line scanf(%d,menuOption); if(menuOption10) { printf( sorry we don`t have this order nagain! );//print this line continue; } printf( please enter your amount of order:);//print this line scanf(%d,amount); totalPerPerson = totalPerPerson + (amount * price[menuOption 1] );//total price of a person printf( Would you like to enter more orders(y/n):);//print this line scanf(n%c,response); } printf(n); totalAllPerson += totalAllPerson + totalPerPerson;//arithmetic totalPerPerson = 0.0; response = y; } return totalAllPerson + ((totalAllPerson * tax) / 100);//arithmetic } double orderForChildren()//fuction to print orders for child { int menuOption,i,amount; char response = y; double totalPerChild = 0.0,totalAllChildren = 0.0; double tax = 5.0,oneOrder; if(childNumber printf(n); else printf(*tChildren:n);//print this line for(i=0;i { printf( child %d please enter your ordersn,i+1);//print this line while(response == y || response == Y) { printf( please enter your option:);//print this line scanf(%d,menuOption); if(menuOption10) { printf( sorry we don`t have this order nagain! );//print this line continue; } printf( please enter your amount of order:);//print this line scanf(%d,amount); oneOrder = (price[menuOption 1] * 60)/100 ;//this one order for a child with discount %60 of one order of adult totalPerChild = totalPerChild + (amount * oneOrder) ;//total price of a person printf( Would you like to enter more orders(y/n):);//print this line scanf(n%c,response); } totalAllChildren += totalAllChildren + totalPerChild; response = y; totalPerChild = 0.0; printf(n); } return totalAllChildren + ((totalAllChildren * tax) / 100);//arithmetic } //***************************************END*****************************************// 7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Puff and Fresh billing system: Advantages of Puff and Fresh billing system It is a Windows based system The program is easy to learn. Developing or modifying code is much easier and faster Restricted to a limited number of users You can have a fully functional and the user interface elements are quite powerful. Improved security Disadvantages of Puff and Fresh billing system Take time to implement Difficult to use in non-Windows environments. Viruses can infect. 8. Data dictionary Variable name Data type Description account struct The struct assigned to the accounts User id char Variable to hold the password password char The variable holding the value for the confirm password No of adults Char The variable holding the value for the confirm number of adults No of children char The variable holding the value for the confirm number of children payment double The variable holding the value of payment total double The variable holding the value of total discount double The variable holding the value of discount tax double The variable holding the value of tax Menu option Int The variable holding the value of menu option Meals char The variable holding the value for the confirm meals 9. Test cases of the system. Checking the User ID and Password # Test Test Type Expected Outcome Actual Outcome 1.1 Type in an incorrect User ID Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 1.2 Type in the correct Password. Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 1.3 Type in an correct User ID Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 1.4 Type in an incorrect Password Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 1.5 Type in an correct User ID Normal Logging into the system message displayed Logging into the system message displayed 1.6 Type in an correct Password Normal Logging into the system message displayed Logging into the system message displayed Selecting options from the Main Menu ( Entering options using main menu Adult and children) Adult # Test Test Type Expected Outcome Actual Outcome 2.1 Type in an incorrect option. Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 2.2 Type in the correct option Normal Option becomes available. Option becomes available. Selecting options from the Main Menu ( Entering options using main menu Adult and children) Children # Test Test Type Expected Outcome Actual Outcome 2.1 Type in an incorrect option. Erroneous Error message displayed Error message displayed 2.2 Type in the correct option Normal Option becomes available. Option becomes available. 10. Report about the program When chording this program Puff and Fresh Billing system I had to face lots of difficulties like syntax errors, semantic errors and compiling errors. Such as when we misspelled a word it becomes a syntax error. For example u can see below screenshot. If there is an error in logic it becomes a logical error. When we compile the chord the compiling chord show the error. You can see an example below. (A logical error) 11. Recommendations Implementing a security system to allow access to only authorized personals. Take regular backups of all the player records. Conducting a user training and support plan to train the staff at Puff and Fresh. Update the system in the future adding new features. Implement a system where the player can order Items online. Create a centralized database; thereby the same data is accessible from any location. Security from viruses; computer viruses could be a major problem; therefore reliable antivirus software could be installed. This software could be updated on a regular basis and the employees should be trained to use it. Keep the passwords updated; that is the users should change their passwords on a regular basis. Install Malware and spyware guards to protect the system from being hacked. 12. Conclusion The documentation includes all necessary information on the structure and the coding of the program created for Puff and Fresh Billing system. Creating the program was an overwhelming task that required a lot of analyzing, research work and personal skills. Below is a list of problems that had to be faced while creating the program. Understanding the problem and coming up with the most suitable solutions. Using the correct logics and the coding that would work best according to the requirements. Making proper use of the data types and variables such as structs and arrays. Understanding the errors that occur when using such data types and finding solutions to overcome those errors. Creating user-defined functions and passing parameters successfully. Creating proper user interface. Creating proper messages for input and output. Understanding the situations where displaying of error messages are needed and successfully creating them. Above problems have been successfully analyzed and correct solutions have been given in this assignment. Creating this report had been a great experience and a lot of facts have been learned since the required tasks have been given in a challenging manner. Tasks such as creating a system to a restaurant, needed research work as well as personal skills. Creating proper error messages was a very tiring task that consumed a lot of time. The program has been created successfully with proper error messages displaying at proper situations. Alternative measures had to be taken when using arrays and enumerators to prevent run-time errors. Even though there were no logical or syntax errors, using arrays inside struct created errors with the memory and finding out those errors was a difficult task. 13. Gantt chart 14. Reference Malik, D.S, I. (1999). C++ Programming: programmed Design Including Data Structures. Second Edition, Thompson Course technology, pp.269-294. DaniWeb.LLC, 2003 2010, Viewed on 25th of August 2008, http://www.daniweb.com/forums/thread141983.html Experts Exchange LLC 2009, viewed on 18th of August 2010, http://www.expertsexchange.com/Programming/Languages/CPP/Q_2163.html About, Inc. About and About.com,2010, viewed on 24th of August 2010, http://en.allexperts.com/q/C-1040/Storing-Info-Files.htm Lectures tutes and notes of c++. Exhedra Solutions, Inc, 1997-2010, viewed on 24th of August 2010, http://www.planetsourcecode.com/vb/default.asp?lngWId=3 Experts Exchange LLC 2010, viewed on 15th of August 2010, http://www.expertsexchange.com/Programming/Languages/CPP/Q_2163.html