Cancer Treatment Essays (1804 words) - RTT, Ribbon Symbolism

Disease Treatment There are numerous approaches to treat disease. Actually, when you enter disease medicines into any internet browser you will discover a great many sites on how to treat malignancy. A few instances of these medicines are chemotherapy, oxygen treatment, nutrient D treatment, food treatment, immunotherapy, and numerous others. Particular kinds of treatments go with specific sorts of diseases. For instance, nutrient D treatment goes with bosom malignancy and immunotherapy goes with colon malignancy. Malignant growth has ended the lives of a large number of individuals and I trust it is essential to educate individuals regarding what medicines are flowing in the clinical calling. The human genome's task will likely guide and grouping the many a large number of qualities that make up the human genome (Johnson 222). The undertaking is supported mutually by the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Vitality and has a normal expense of 3 billion dollars (Johnson 222). The task makes hereditary illnesses its core interest. More than 500,000 individuals kick the bucket every year in light of malignant growth (Johnson 222). The genome venture will have the option to recognize destructive innate qualities, for example, malignancy and dispense with them. In this manner, malignancy can be forestalled and individuals will live more. Oxygen treatment utilizes the way that the malignant growth infection is anaerobic (Gallcci 2). This implies is that malignant growth can as it were live through the nonattendance of oxygen. There have been numerous malignant growth patients who have been restored by oxygen treatment (Gallcci 2). Truly, introduction to oxygen will slaughter most malignant growths totally (Gallcci 3). In 1931 Dr. Otto Warburg was granted the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his revelation that the reason for malignancy is an absence of oxygen at the cell level (Gallcci 2). Researchers have removed air from bubbles saved in fossilized golden; when that air was broke down it contained 38 percent oxygen (Gallcci 3). This is significant since the air which we inhale right now has a normal oxygen substance of 21 percent or less (Gallcci 3). An individual can't make due at 7 percent oxygen or then again lower. A technique used to expand the degree of oxygen in the body is the utilization of hydrogen peroxide or H202 (Gallcci 3). At the point when hydrogen peroxide is added to the body, the H202 changes into H20 and oxygen (Gallcci 4). The oxygen molecule at that point connects to a cell, and levels of oxygen go up right away. Just food grade hydrogen peroxide can be utilized. At that point once it has been weakened it very well may be given intravenously, retained through the skin, or ingested (Gallcci 4). Your primary care physician won't inform you regarding this procedure; that is, an American specialist won't. One reason is that there is no money motivating force for the clinical business to advance it. In different nations, for example, Germany, Russia, and Cuba it will cost around ten U.S. dollars (Gallcci 4). Nutrient D treatment can bring down the danger of getting bosom malignant growth up to 30% (Smith 16). An examination on about 5,000 ladies saw this as valid. So also, ladies who lived in bright atmospheres had a much lower danger of getting bosom malignant growth (Smith 16). The response to this marvel is nutrient D, which is delivered by the skin when it is presented to daylight. For the full treatment to produce results specialists prescribe presentation to coordinate daylight for about 10 to 15 minutes (Smith 17). There is a fix equation for organ malignant growths. Disease is brought about by a specific parasite (Beckwith 2). It takes 60 days to kill the parasites which cause organ malignant growth (Beckwith 3). When the malignant growth is slaughtered it can take up to 180 days to come back to typical wellbeing (Beckwith 2). Proof for this parasite has been revealed in each kind of disease known to man (Beckwith 3). More than 100 instances of organ malignant growth were restored utilizing this home grown equation (Beckwith 2). This natural technique for relieving tumors isn't upheld at all by United States specialists for a few reasons. For one, the specialists of this natural treatment dismiss logical realities. They don't accept that lung malignancy is brought about by smoking, colon disease is brought about by a low roughage diet, retinal blastoma is brought about by an uncommon heritited quality, and pancreatic malignant growth is brought about by liquor utilization (Beckwith 4). Likewise, a significant number of the individuals which have gone on these home grown weight control plans have kicked the bucket. Along these lines, there is an a lot higher possibility of somebody kicking the bucket from utilizing the home grown treatment than having their malignant growth restored by it. This present treatment's viability likewise fluctuates on the individual's

Emergence Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay

Development Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay In the eighteenth century, the Grand Viziers and administrators were commonly Turkish beginning. The Turkification of the organization in the Ottoman Empire in these years spread over craftsmanship and social fields. These upgrades made ready for Turkish patriotism in the next hundreds of years. During the eighteenth century, patriotism was a belief system which was found in the Balkans.â [1]â As inspecting the rise of Turkish patriotism, clearly it is far later than its Western partner. There were a few reasons prompted this postponement. Right off the bat, Turks were the fundamental component of the Ottoman Empire that could have forestalled them. On the off chance that the Turks had understood the Turkish patriotism, others may have been impacted. National talk on Turkism would have shaken the built up request in the limits of Empire. There is likewise another explanation behind this postpone average and work classes didn't happen among the Turks before they did in different countries. Until the nineteenth century, Turk as an idea had negative meaning.â [2]â The start of the idea of Turkish patriotism followed back to the Turcology concentrates in the nineteenth century in Europe. Particularly the semantic highlights of the different Turkish gatherings were stressed. The investigations of European Turcologists works were full of feeling on Ottoman savvy people while they were attempting to stop the decrease of the Empire. [3] These Turcology examines were one of the most noteworthy sources both in the development of Turkish patriotism and Pan-Turanism. The possibility of patriotism additionally developed among the Muslims in Russia particularly the Tatars of Volga before Turks in the Empire. As the explanations behind that considered; they were the most progressive ethnic gathering in the Muslims of Russia. In spite of the fact that they experienced Russian concealment for a considerable length of time, with Catherine II this circumstance has changed and Tatars increased a strict and common self-rule. Among the Tatar people group brokers class rose be that as it may; the Turks in the Ottoman Empire included no extraordinary spot inside the millet framework and they just have been the prevailing country with different Muslims, for example, Arabs, Kurds and Albanians. All the more significantly, between these countries there were no ethnic hindrances and Turks in the Empire have acknowledged Islam as their life style.â [4]â Thus, despite the fact that there were thoughts of patriotism which were completed by Greek freedom and Serbian self-governance, Turkish-Ottoman awareness was absent around then. With the Ottoman Russian War in 1877-1878 huge quantities of Tatars, Azerbaijanis and Caucasian Turks relocated to the Empire. The Turkish intelligent people that fled to Ottoman Empire, Pan-Turkism started to spread out.â [5]â As it was expressed before this belief system was combined by the effect of Western thoughts and through crafted by Turcologists in Europe , who demonstrated the Turks that they had a place with such an antiquated country. Crafted by Western Turcologists was later trailed by that of Turkish scholarly people. In a universe of disarray and disparities, numerous Ottoman learned people were impacted by the charms of patriotism. They embraced a romanticized picture of the country ascending from the remnants of a wanton empire.â [6]â Be that as it may, Turkish national talk didn't increase full political substance and point until 1908 which was the date of the Constitutions statement. This overall postponement of political debate on Turkish patriotism was not because of the obliviousness of the officials and educated people towards the issue of sparing of the state.â [7]â As we assess strategically, the 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian Wars, Germany and some Balkan countries cozy connections and the failure came about because of philosophies of Pan-Islamism and Pan-Ottomanism and in conclusion, Ottoman scholarly people activities restricted to the officials of Tanzimat ere and changes were all the explanations for the rise of Turkish patriotism in the Ottoman Empire as an option in contrast to two belief systems that were clarified in the past pieces of our paper. Every one of these improvements arranged and framed the conditions for Turkish nationalism.â [8]â G. Dish TURKISM Dish Turkism alludes to political, social and ethnic solidarity of all Turkic-speakingâ people. Before clarifying acts of Pan-Turkism in the Ottoman Empire, recognizable characters in this issue will be referenced. One of the most persuasive and noteworthy character on the issue of Pan-Turkism in the Russian Empire. He was among the Tartar of Kazan area. In the periodical Tã ¼rk, his well known article was distributed. ÃÅ"c Ter-I Siyaset is viewed as the principle show of Pan-Turkism. He looked at the 3 belief systems that Union and Progress Party sought after. Therefore, he upheld Turkish patriotism as a choice to dish Ottomanism and skillet Islamism. Though conventional Ottoman tip top discovered Akã §uras new Turkish patriotism as wrong, Unionist system embraced it later. As per them, skillet Turkism was an intend to repay the Empires African and European misfortunes by Turkification strategy at Empire and in Asia over the Turkic society. [9] Yusuf Akcura (1904), in his notable article on the 3 belief systems expressed that: By such a strategy all Turks living in the Ottoman Empire would be superbly joined by both ethnic and strict securities and the other non-Turkish Muslim gatherings who have been as of now Turkified to a limited degree would be further assimilated.â [10]â He additionally inspected the favorable circumstances and impediments of dish Turkism arrangement over the Empire. He recommended that principle administration of this approach would be unification of the considerable number of Turks who are being spread over Asia and the Eastern Europe, have a place with a similar language gatherings, ethnicity and religion. Among the other incredible countries, more noteworthy national and political solidarity would be made. In this solidarity, Ottomans would be the most impressive and socialized of all the Turkish social orders. Among the ethnicities of Caucasian and the East Asian, a Turkish world appeared. But these focal points, there was inadequacy of this approach can prompt the division of the non-Turkish Muslims from the Empire. As a result, the Muslims would be isolated into Turks and non-Turks.â [11]â Besides, another supporter of the Pan-Turkist philosophy among the Turks in Russia was Äâ °smail Gaspã„â ±ralã„â ± who is a Crimean Tatar. He expressed his thoughts in the Crimean paper Tercã ¼man with the saying of solidarity in language, thoughts, deeds. He upheld idea of Turkism as well as Islam and Westernization. In spite of the fact that he was supportive of Turkish patriotism, he had abstained from defining a political Turkish personality and he had shaped this associations social and social foundation , while leaving the political association to others.â [12]â It tends to be gathered that in Ottoman Empire Pan-Turkism was generally overwhelmed in the writing area. Particularly between the Russian War and Greek War, thought of Turkish patriotism was treated by Ã… Ã… ¾emseddin Sami, Necib Asã„â ±m and Veled Çelebi insect may of the Turkist scholarly and authors.â [13]â G.1. Container TURKISM AS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY IN THE EMPIRE Until the years 1912-1913 that Balkan Wars happened different arrangements sought after rather than Pan-Turkism. 1908 Revolution balanced the method of looking the Turks and Pan-Turkist development got well known. The purpose for this notoriety was the consistent endeavors of Great powers that meddled in the undertakings of the Ottoman Empire. The avocation of these mediations was assurance of the minorities. Therefore, youthful erudite people embraced Turkish patriotism. The primary endeavor of skillet Turkist development was following from the 1908 Constitutional Period. On 7 January 1909, Turkish Association was established. It was a social affiliation and Armenians, a portion of the European Orientalists were additionally among the individuals. With the establishment of these sort of relationship, there distributed a few diaries that had significant job of the advancements in dish Turkism. Because of Turco-Italian War, this patriot development was accelerated.â [14]â The Ottoman educated people and administrators were clearly worried about the eventual fate of the Empire. They were additionally instilled with energetic sentiments as a result of the most recent conflictive political turns of events. In the resistance wing, the Young Turks had emphatically dedicated themselves to Pan-Turkism. They believed that local and present day changes must be accomplished through radical basic changes, not through impersonation of western organizations. Political Turkism was the last ideological plan of action of the Young Turks. They safeguarded the belief system of Ottomanism instead of political Turkism considerably after the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 since Ottomanism was all the more encouraging in keeping the solidarity of the Empire. In spite of the fact that the Young Turks took care of the Turkish components of the Empire and pronounced Turkish language as the official language in 1909, they never upheld political Turkism as an answer for the issu es of the Empire. For them, the most significant goal was to keep the solidarity of every ethnic component under the support of the Ottoman Empire, which Ottomanism was the best ideological instrument for this end.â [15]â Clearly Committee of Union and Progress built up the awareness of Turkish patriotism as political association. CUP governments most significant advance towards a patriot approach was the acknowledgment of Turkish language as the official language of the Ottoman culture which inevitably would be educated to every single Ottoman resident. These applications were done not for the sake of Turkism, yet of secularism and Westernism. Utilization of a patriot arrangement on a common line was normal in the Ottoman Empire since the rise of the Pan-Turkist thoughts, as well, As an outcome, at one of the gathering congress Union and Progress favored Turkish patriotism in 1911.â [16]â There wer

Wake Up Calls

Wake Up Calls Zombies. Sleepless, exhausted, drooling zombies that somehow believe they’re paying attention when in reality all they’re doing is scribbling incoherent pen-markings in every wild direction on their notebooks. You can find them walking aimlessly along the infinite, pleasantly hidden, but definitely not unnoticeable among the masses of people who obviously slept the night before. Its a well-kept secret. But I have proof. Behold the two most hilarious and zombie-affected pages of my physics notes for October 7, 2011 : Take note (ahaha) of a few things: 1.) The reason you cant understand my notes is not because they are written in some odd, complex language. I was simply exhausted. Just because its MIT doesnt mean every single student is a massive super genius. (Proof that I am not is pictured above.) 2.) Notice how the first page says Nathasha, help me, on the right hand side. (She and I had pulled an all-nighter the night before to finish three psets, so we were planning to keep each other awake. xD) 3.) No, you dont have to pull all nighters in order to finish all of your work as an MIT student. I know plenty that are never zombies. You just have to not join every single club/organization that you encounter AND have solid time-management skills. Its all about whats most important to you. That said, youre probably wondering why I would expose these pathetic notes to the whole world and why I am painting a rather morbid picture of MIT to you. Let me be blunt, my friends. There will be days when youre coming into Cambridge from Boston, halfway through crossing the river, and you look up to see the dome glowing at you, staring even. You start to think the dome is a mocking symbol of the work you have not yet finished, and of how no matter how much work you do there will always be more. Basically, you start to see this: For me, the hardest thing about MIT has not been the classes themselves. (I know, thats hard for me to believe, too.) It has actually been finding the balance between work and fun, and I would think thats true for most students here. After all, if youre dedicated and interested enough and have an infinite amount of time, anything can be understood, no matter how complex, right? After my whole schpeel about zombies and the mocking dome, however, I can honestly and excitedly say that I. Love. This. Place. Why? Because amidst all of the stress, you are surrounded by a multitude of wake-up calls. Theyre little reminders that life isnt about one instance, or one particular event. Its not about a hard pset, or about feeling badly because you really should have been doing work instead of baking 3 kinds of muffins and cookies *cough* or sleeping.  Everyone else is going through it too, some more smoothly than others, but in the end we can all relate. Take for instance, a few weeks ago, when my stressed self came into class and got to listen to THIS amazing speech. It made my day, and keeps me going even today. Every student has different goals, but ultimately I think what drives students to succeed here is the goal to contribute something positive to this world. People here do this in so many different ways, each with their own distinctive personality. In the end, only one question is important. Its the simple Why are you here? It doesnt matter who you are. If youre a senior right now, getting through your stressful application essays, if youre a college student in general, even if youre done with your studies and are tackling other goals, think about what youve done to get to where you are. Answer the question, and it should become your inspiration, your wake-up call.

The Animals, By And The Dove Flew Out Of The Dark - 754 Words

At first, â€Å"The Animals† may seem as a dark poem, that has no connections to reality. Jacobsen’s use of animals as humans detaches the two worlds from each other, giving the reader a sense of indifference. However through Jacobsen’s word choice and tone we can see that â€Å"The Animals† has a strong tie to the bible. This is conveyed through Jacobsen’s use of biblical phrases and words, such as â€Å"Sanctus† and â€Å"the dove flew out of the dark.† The Bible is a collection of texts sacred in Christianity and Judaism. The life of Jesus is shown in the New Testament, showing Jesus’s birth and death. Jesus was portrayed as the central figure of Christianity, symbolizing peace and reformation. Jesus went through 5 major transitions during his presence: Baptism, Transfiguration, Crucifixion, Resurrection and Ascension. However, †The Animals† shows more focus towards Jesus’s Baptism, Transfiguration, and Crucifixion. The Crucifixion of Jesus comes with mourn, along with hope for a better society and world. Aside from the story of Jesus, the Bible is also comprised of the Noah’s Ark story. In Noah’s Ark, god is described to have given a task to Noah, in order to build an ark. Therefore saving Noah, Noah’s family, and a variety of animals. However on Noah’s journey there was a great flood and sent a dove, which returned back with an olive leaf. Throughout the first stanza of the poem, Jesus’s actions are shown through the actions of the animals. The stanza is written to build up suspense forShow MoreRelatedThe Myth Of The Cherokee Indians940 Words   |  4 Pagesworld as they know it began, it was just water. All the animals lived in a land called Galun’lati that was above the water (in the sky), but it was overcrowded. A water beetle, named Dayuni’si, volunteered to explore the water beneath them. Dayuni’si was unable to find solid ground on the surface of the water, but dove below the surface and only found mud. The beetle brought the mud to the water’s surface and it began to grow and spread out. This mud became the Earth, as the Cherokee Indians knewRead MoreThe Importance Of A Seed Growing Like A Little Me979 Words   |  4 Pageson because it was too big for me or climbing the apple tree in the front yard, but this time, my parents wanted my brother and I to help garden. The dread ful thing of planting a beautiful flower in the mucky dirt, left my hands and feet soiled in a dark substance. I never liked gardening and I hated when I saw the neighborhood children enjoying the â€Å"activity†, but I always did what my parents told me. Now, as I look back into the life of the young Brittney, I realize that the only thing that I didn’tRead MoreComparing Cherokee And Lakota Creation Stories1721 Words   |  7 PagesNations’ People are some of the most magical. 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As the flood tookRead More The Passing Down of a Tribes Ancient Legends Essay4457 Words   |  18 Pagessuccess hunting 3. planting 4. cure sickness C. Usually males 1. post menopausal women 2. blood powers II passed down from generation to generation A. usually from memory 1. sand drawings 2. birch bark scrolls 3. paintings on rocks 4. animal hides B. children 1. eight-familiar stories 2. ten- know history III answer basic questions A. where do we come from B. where are we going C. how the world came into being D. how it was transformed E. guidelines of behavior F. tools of survival Read MoreThe Marine Corps Recruiting Depot Essay1794 Words   |  8 Pagesmerge into a single line of fluorescent orange. Before I knew it, I was gazing upon Philadelphia, hundreds of feet in the air, illuminated by the light of an afternoon’s sun. Our destination, the Marine Corps Recruiting Depot. The plane steadied as we flew above the clouds. 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During the time that the Cherokee believed that all the earth was covered with the ocean, the animals were above in a place they referred to as â€Å"beyond the arch†. In accordance to this creation myth, it was becoming way to crowded for the animals, so they started wondering what was under the water. â€Å"Beaver’s grandchild†, the water-beetle, dove to the bottom of the water and came back up with some soft mud, which began to grow and continued to expand until it became the

The Gang s Cut Of A Range Of Criminal Enterprises And...

(the gang’s cut of a range of criminal enterprises and activities), A.) Group dynamics/ Pg. 158: The ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals Most of the ways that groups influence us lie below our sense of awareness. The definition is the interactions that influence that attitudes and behaviors of people when they are grouped with others through either choice or accidental circumstances. Mara Salvatrucha also known as MS-13 originated in Los Angeles California. Salvadoran immigrants formed MS-13 to protect themselves from other established gangs of Los Angeles, who were predominantly composed of Mexicans and African-Americans. I thought that it was really interesting how the gang members were recruiting new members at such a young age. They were targeting kids who came from a troublesome home life, broken homes, or parents who were addicted to drugs. In some way or another the gang family was filling a void for these young children that their home life had created. The new members became completely l oyal to MS-13 because their gang family was now the family that they had never had. Now that the MS-13 group had control over the new members, they could get them to commit any number of crimes including murder just for the MS-13 cause. B.) Social network/ Pg. 156: The social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together Although we live in a huge and diverse society, we don’t experience social life as aShow MoreRelated Drug Abuse Among American Teenagers Essay7972 Words   |  32 Pagesmajor problem. Especially among teenagers. Drugs have hurt the lives of nearly 40 percent of all teenagers in America. Either with health problems, DWIs, highway crashes, arrests, impaired school and job performance. These drugs that teenagers use range from Alcohol, LSD, Marijuana, and even Cigarettes. Most of the teenagers that are involved in drug abuse have either, broken families, parents that are drug abusers, a unstable environment where they are constantly moving from place to place, or thereRead MoreTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 Pagesengages in secondary analysis, and is designed to inform the reader of misconceptions associated with how we come to understand crime and the criminal within modern westernized capitalistic society. Typically the majority of persons tend to blame the criminal for his or her committed crimes. However, many social theorists view crime and the notion of the criminal to be products of the institutional structures and cultural values that enforce capitalism. Accordingly, this thesis explores a varietyRead MoreImplementing An Automated Distributed Firewall4178 Words   |  17 Pagesimprove on efficiency, effectiveness and cut down on time and other costs for the passage of messages and information. However, every day experiences indicate that every opportunity has its own threats and risks. Various threats to data and information exist, all of which continue to evolve and pose new threats to such entities. 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Source:- entplanet.blogspot.com Social and economic reasons contributed highly to the development and growth of the tourism industry. The 1940’s brought about the introduction of annual leave entitlement. By 1974,the law stated that workers were entitled to four week’s annual leave. This led to more leisure time being available and people looking to use this time to travel. Along with thisRead MoreHindi Nibandh on Advantages of Mobile and Disadvantage17790 Words   |  72 Pagesnamed A.D. Shroff began a Forum of Free Enterprise, whose ideas on economic development were somewhat at odds with those then influentially articulated by the Planning Commission of the Government of India. Shroff complained against the ‘indifference, if not discouragement’ with which the state treated entrepreneurs. At the same time as Shroff, but independently of him, a journalist named Philip Spratt was writing a series of essays in favour of free enterprise. 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The term performance refers to a set of outcome produced during a certain period of their job time and does not refer to the traits, personal characteristics, or competencies of the perf ormer. The evaluation of employee‟s performance reveals the contribution of an individual in the organization‟s objectives. People do not learn unless they are given feedback on the resultsRead MoreCxc Mutipe Choice Questions13016 Words   |  53 Pagesfunctional institution were set up except: a) The Commonwealth Caribbean Regional Secretariat b) The Caribbean Development Bank c) The more Developed Countries d) The Caribbean Examination Council The Caribbean community has the following areas of activity except : a) Economic integration through the Caribbean Common market b) A Common Economic and Political entity c) Common Services and Functional Cooperation d) The coordination of foreign policy among the independent countries. The supreme

The Industrial Revolution - 1518 Words

The Industrial Revolution that occurred in the late Nineteenth Century brought many new jobs that were drastically different to the jobs that previous Americans held. While agricultural jobs still existed and were vitally important to the sustainability of the American economy, the new factory jobs that opened up created many new work opportunities for Americans and immigrants who came from Europe. However, the problem with all these new industrial jobs was that they had very poor working conditions and the work hours were long and unfair. This along with the low wages made these jobs undesirable. Despite this, immigrant workers continued to work under these conditions because they had nowhere else to obtain work and quitting would make it almost impossible for them to find a job somewhere else with better working conditions and wages. The result of the low wages meant that many immigrants living on the East Coast of the United States lived below the poverty line. There was a fundame ntal problem with the working and living conditions the immigrants were experiencing. Two political organizations of this era sought to fix this problem with two contrasting methods. The Progressive Reformers were a political organization that sought out to set permanent fixes to these conditions and make it possible for the immigrants to be self-sustaining. On the other hand, the political machines, more specifically Tammany Hall of Manhattan, sought to make changes by directly helping theShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Of The Industrial Revolution1666 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez English IV, 1st hour 4/29/16 The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution set people away from farms and small villages and moved them to cities and towns because of the job opportunities that arose in the cities. The Industrial Revolution not only helped people move along in the late 1700s and early 1800s but also it has made the people what they are today. 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This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturousRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans of communication, factories to manufacture the products you need, places to work, and ways to travel and transport goods. And what made these possible? The answer is the Industrial Revolution, which started in Europe around the year 1730. A revolution is a major change or turning point in something. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history and in the way people lived. 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The first and second industrialization were filled with many inventions, new societal ideas, new raw materials, new sources of power, also new ideas and societal implements were made enabling the world and society to evolve. Overall these industrialization was filled with death, neglect, and disease but endedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution936 Words   |  4 Pageseconomist Robert Emerson Lucas wrote in regards to the Industrial revolution: For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. The novelty of the discovery that a human society has this potential for generating sustained improvement in the material aspects of the lives of all its members, not just the ruling elite, cannot be overstressed.† (Lucas 2002). 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The process of industrialization began to take place in America, and eventually took over the economy during this period. Entrepreneurs and inventors put together various machines and businesses to help better the country function on aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay2099 Words   |  9 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was one of the largest social and cultural movements that changed the methods of manufacturing of metal and textiles, the transportation system, economic policies and social structure as well. Before the Industrial Revolution, people used to live by season due to agriculture. They thrived on whatever food was in season. Now, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, we live regimented and almost everything that is made, is mass produced. I will discuss three major topics

World is Flat Globalisation Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the World is Flat Globalisation. Answer: Introduction The world is round which was the conventional theory But the Thomas Friedman changed it by his views on macro-economic views and reasons he showed in his book known as the world is flat. His definition of globalisation has changed the concept of Multi-national companies (Mncs) (Bethlehem 2014). He defined that the first globalisation was when countries started to expand their reach by export. Then it was the world of Mncs and then it became the individuals global-world (Glenberg 2015). According to him, the beginning of 21st century is marked as initiation of third globalisation. However, the concept is criticised by professor Ghemawat based on certain data (Ghemawat 2016). His argument was based on the data collected from international sources. There was shockingly difference between the peoples perspectives and reality of the data. Overview He believes that what can be done, will be done mantra in this modern age (Goodman, Cryde and Cheema 2013). The once closed economy as if Russia and China are also in the process of emerging flattening economy of world. The concept of supply chain and virtual reach of mobile technology is in the middle of making the change (Herrington2013). Friedman also pointed out that the power of the community that arose in the 21st century, which is also seen in groups of people in small community creating open-source software in their spare time(Sangsuvan 2015). Large companies are trying to sell the same service. Outsourcing and off shoring are flatteners of the modern age. From teleconferencing to podcast and other manufacturers of this time is focused on making world flatter. As people become more collaborative, competitive, and share the information the world gets flatter and the cultures, religion, educations are mixed for a better future (Bethlehem 2014). With the emergence of flat world the workflow pattern of service and manufacturing services are also changing. Therefore, the strategy is to use the convergence as competence (Glenberg 2015). Noted organisations in the process Wal-Mart in supply chaining and UPS in in-sourcing is in the process of making the geographical distance much smaller and making the world more flattening at an increasing pace (Fisk 2013). Google yahoo MSN web search are the processor of this concept too (Goodman, Cryde and Cheema 2013) .Thomas Friedmans vision started from the company Infosys, the initiator of outsourcing era. Others like Coca-cola in manufacturing and supply chaining (Sangsuvan 2015). The steroids noted as the driver of flattening the world is computing advances, file sharing, internet and phone services, wireless technologies and other recent advances in computer graphics (Neto 2013). Conclusion Simultaneously, this theory is criticised by professor Ghemawat based on his presented factual data. This professor argues the reality of Friedmans theory. He presents the percentage of data used in international phone calls, export business revenue, foreign trade practises and foreign direct investments percentage, which is shockingly small. Nevertheless, most shocking data is the difference in the perspectives of people in the organisation and the real data gathered. References Bethlehem, D., 2014. The end of geography: the changing nature of the international system and the challenge to international law.European Journal of International Law,25(1), pp.9-24. Fisk, C., 2013. Supervisors in a World of Flat Hierarchies. Ghemawat, P., 2016.The Laws of Globalization and Business Applications. Cambridge University Press. Glenberg, A.M., 2015. Few believe the world is flat: How embodiment is changing the scientific understanding of cognition.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie exprimentale,69(2), p.165. Goodman, J.K., Cryder, C.E. and Cheema, A., 2013. Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,26(3), pp.213-224. Herrington, L.M., 2013. Globalization and religion in historical perspective: A paradoxical relationship.Religions,4(1), pp.145-165. Neto, C., 2013. The World Is Flat?. Sangsuvan, K., 2015. Small Businesses in the WTO: Small Fish in a Big Pond or Globalization 3.0.

Labor in capitalism system

History vs. Myth essays

History vs. Myth essays Modern historians use many resources as the basis for their research. However, with the growing library of knowledge by which the historians work these days, it is essential to differentiate between what is history and what is myth. There are many differences between history and myth. First of all, history addresses many issues in a very factual way while myths only try to explain a few of the daily occurrences through very subjective ways. Also, in history, the sources usually come from primary sources or objective secondary sources while in myths, many of the ideas come from word of mouth, legend, and imagination. Lastly, history is used as a factual guide to the past used to explain, describe, and analyze the truth while myths are written to entertain, explain strange natural occurrences, and teach moral lessons. The first major difference between history and myth is the matters that they address and the way that they are presented. In history, everything from social issues to political situations to economic statuses is covered. The things covered in history are all factual or based on a firm foundation of evidence. Although in many cases, different historians will have difference opinions about a certain debatable point, history is generally an orderly and objective study. Myths, on the other hand, may sometimes deal very little with fact. The subjects of myth are very often merely restatements of legends. Many of them pertain only to a certain culture and very many variations of the same myths are found. Archetypal similarities between myths, such as the great flood, show that they also pertain to problems that many cultures faced in daily life. As of such, myths are not only a subjective story in the words of individuals, they are also exaggerated retellings of what can be based on fa ct. Therefore, although myth may not be history due to their inaccuracies, myth can be a part of history. ...

Globalization in Transition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization in Transition - Research Paper Example What has happened about globalization so far, challenges the imagination of all concerned. It is impossible to predetermine or predict the outcomes and the shape of things to come. Human intervention and creativity have reached new zeniths and the developments that have taken place in various segments of globalization do not fall within the definitions of Capitalism, Communism, Socialism or Theocracy. Spread of democracy in the hardcore communist countries, which resulted in liberalization of trade relations, is also an important factor in hastening up the process of globalization. Narrow perspectives of nationalism have failed to check the economic reforms that are part of the process that accelerates the pace of development. The discussion is no more about whether there should be reforms to facilitate the march of globalization; it is about the strategy to implement reforms. The importance of transition economics is an accepted fact. The tug of war of votaries of globalization and the local manufacturing and local food markets will continue and the ultimate gainer is the consumer, as he has the choice. Is it possible to reconstitute local manufacturing and local food markets, or has globalization ultimately made this impossible? A straight forward answer to this question is impossibility. It is an admitted fact that the narrow domestic walls have crumbled. Firstly, let us try to understand the institution of market. The complex market institutions cannot develop in a theoretical or laboratory setting and then transplant them to economy. For the markets, transition to the ground realities is a complicated exercise. Institutions will take a long time to reshape and attain perfection. Globalization has challenged and will continue to challenge many of the old social and economic norms. Many such norms will die and many will need complete rejuvenation. Getting the reforms off from the national to

World Religions Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

World Religions Report - Essay Example Marriage of non-Filipinos to those belonging in Iglesia families is just one of the examples of how those comprising the minority of the Iglesia population have been involved in the religion (Catholic Answers, 2004). Despite the widespread estimate of the number of the constituents (which is between three million and ten million including those outside the Philippines), the Iglesia conceals their real population. It has a larger population than the more known Jehovah’s Witnesses, which also assert their being the genuine Church of Christ (Catholic Answers, 2004). Indeed, unlike most of the other cults which have Western origins, Iglesia ni Kristo (INC) or the Church of Christ has its roots from the Philippines with Encyclopedia Britannica (2007) describing it as indigenous. Historically, it was a small church founded by Felix Manalo in July 27, 1914 (Elesterio, 1988). Thus, he was considered by his followers as the messenger of God. After the fast expansion 1945, the number of members reached the 600,000 mark by the end of the 20th century (â€Å"Iglesia ni Kristo†, 2007). This has also led to the building of chapels throughout the country and to their being a well-heeled federal religious organization. However, the foundation of INC was not an easy task; it was a great struggle for Manalo. Yet, Harper (2001) noted that one thing is certain: preliminary association with the Bible pushed him to impugn what has been taught to him regarding religion and God in the Roman Catholic Church. According to her research, Manalo had joined other religious groups before he finally established INC. At the age of 18, it was found out that he joined the Methodist Episcopal Church where he trained about the Bible and become a lay preacher. At 22, he also studied with the Presbyterians and joined Mision Cristiana, the Christian Mission of the

Environmental Impacts Of Oil And Gas Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Impacts Of Oil And Gas Environmental Sciences Essay Oil and gas companies have been conducting exploration projects worldwide for years in an attempt to find and extract the extremely valuable global resource known as petroleum (BERA 2006). Oil and gas exploration encompasses testing subsoil, using sophisticated technology and is not without any environmental damage. A major challenge in exploration of oil and gas is the ecological significance of repeated exposures to very low-level releases of various chemicals, the removal of vegetative cover, impact on fisheries, and biodiversity loss. Most of the developing countries in Africa are desperate for economic success and this is usually the major driving force behind sanctioning any exploration activities in this region. The problem is that most of these countries are inexperienced in the oil industry and therefore they take into consideration very few environmental implications. In lieu of this, it becomes very prominent that ignoring the immediate and long-term impacts of Ghanas oil and gas exploration activities will have a damaging effect on the surrounding biodiversity and ecosystem. In 2007, Ghana confirmed that an estimated 800 million barrels of oil was found in the southern coast of the Gulf of Guinea by Tullow Oil. Tullow Oil is a Uk based company and is involved in oil exploration in Ghana. The people of Ghana were instantly excited and looking forward to reap the benefits of the discovery but unfortunately the potential detrimental issues associated with exploration were overlooked. The economic benefits associated with this discovery had been prioritised over environmental considerations. The good thing is that Ghana does not have to look far to learn lessons of the past. Nigeria being a few miles away from Ghana is a prime source of information to learn from. Potential impacts refer to both the negative and positive effects on the quality and quantity of the biotic and abiotic factors of the physical environment. In this study, the accentuation is on the negative effects of oil exploration activities on the ecosystem of the coast. The boundary limits for a coastal area is between 50 metres below mean sea level and 50 metres above tide level from the shore. It includes coral reefs, intertidal zones, estuaries, coastal aquaculture, and seagrass communities (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2003:54). Considering the associated environmental impacts of oil and gas exploration, it is clear that practicable environmental regulations are critical in controlling and minimizing environmental impacts. The areas for oil and gas exploration in Ghana include the Nzema East Municipal, the Secondi Takoradi Metropolitan, the Ellembelle, the Ahanta West, the Jomoro, the Agona West District Assemblies. The surrounding communities are cape three points, half Assini, Ellembelle, Princes Town, Axim, Discove, Busua, Miamia, Akwidae,Wotera, Sekonde, Eziama, Nkroful and Secondi-Takoradi. These areas will most likely be affected by oil and gas exploration activities. GhanaWestCoastMap Figure : Coastal line of Ghana C:UsersJoseph Addo-YoboDesktopghana-offshore-oil-map.jpg Figure : Ghanas offshore oil fields OBJECTIVES The objectives of this project are: To analyse the environmental impacts from oil and gas exploration on the coastal ecosystem and biodiversity in Ghana. To determine the various levels of water quality parameters such as colour, conductivity, total dissolved solids, potassium content, calcium content, magnesium content, phosphate content, lead and arsenic content. To determine the concentrations of oil/grease in water samples that have been collected and use concentrations as indicators of pollution from oil exploration. To compare levels of oil/grease in water samples with that of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ghana Environmental Protection Agency ( GEPA). To make recommendations to help manage the associated environmental impacts. Research Questions: What are the environmental impacts of oil and gas exploration on the coastal ecosystem? The thesis begins with the examination and analysis of potential environmental impacts that will probably arise from oil and gas exploration. According to the EP Forum/UNEP Technical Report (1997) the potential impacts may depend upon many other things among which include: The stage of the process, the size and complexity of the project, the nature and sensitivity of the surrounding environment, the effectiveness of planning and migration techniques. Such impacts include atmospheric, aquatic, terrestrial and human impacts. What recommendations will help manage the associated environmental impacts from oil and gas exploration in Ghana? It is not enough to just identify the likely hazards from exploration without recommending measures to cope with or minimize the possible dangers. Recommendations become more essential in view of the fact Ghana is very inexperienced in the industry and legislations are not fully formulated to cope with the environmental hazards that accompany any exploration activity. The thesis gives explicit recommendations based on the findings as lessons from similar studies elsewhere. METHODOLOGY An attempt was made to determine some of the impacts from oil exploration on the Jubilee field area and the environmental coastline by a series of random sampling and by comparing results. An overview of the environmental baseline and ecology is given. This was based on the six oil districts in Ghana and the Jubilee field area. The impacts are categorized into minor, moderate and major. Exploration activities at each phase are presented. Random sampling techniques were carried out to determine whether there was pollution in the water from the exploration activities. A review of the current legislation frameworks in Ghana to cope with these issues. Short term and long term recommendations made to help minimize the impacts. ORGANISATION OF REPORT This report is divided into six chapters. The structure is as follows: Chapter one gives a brief introduction and objectives for conducting this research. The background to the setting and methodology are also included. Chapter two entails the literature review. The location for the oil exploration activities and general approach to oil and gas exploration are described. Chapter three includes what this research comprises of and is discussed in the scope such as the possible impacts on the environment. Chapter four reviews the results of the study presented and are analyzed. The final chapter ends with recommendations, both short term and long term to help minimise the impacts and talks about the current legislation frameworks in place in Ghana to cope with the impacts reviewed in this research. The main conclusions are also presented and further recommendations for further studies made to help address pertinent issues recognized under this study. Presented below is a summary of the research structure: Research Objectives Research Questions Literature Review Methodology Literature Reviews Potential Impacts Observations Results and Analysis Discussion Conclusion Recommendations CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of oil and gas exploration activities on the coastal zone of Ghana Oil and gas exploration involves prospecting surveying and exploration drilling. The prospecting surveying starts with a review of geological maps to identify major sedimentary rocks basins. This may be followed by an aerial photography to identify promising geological formations such as faults and anticlines. A field assessment is done to gather more detailed information. The three methods used for surveying include seismic, magnetic or gravity method. Exploration drilling involves drilling exploration wells to confirm the presence of hydrocarbons. In Ghana, mobile offshore drilling units (MODU) are used. Hydrocarbon exploration in Ghana dates back to 1986 when oil seeps were found in the offshore Tano basin. This eventually led to drilling of exploration wells in the vicinity of Half-Asini (GNPC, 2012). A total of 10 discoveries have been made and about 79 exploration wells drilled in Ghana. None but the Saltpond field, discovered in 1970 and located approximately 100km west of Accra. Currently, Exploration activities are ongoing in Ghanas four sedimentary basins namely the Tano basin, central basin, keta basin and voltaian basin (GNPC, 2012). The most promising discovery so far is the Jubilee field which was discovered in 2007. The Jubilee Unit area covers part of the Deepwater Tano and West Cape three points license areas. Kosmos Ghana HC, an exploration company drilled the Mahogany-1 well in the West Cape Three Points block. Ghanas oil and gas exploration activities do not come without environmental challenges. These challenges may arise from one or more of the following: project footprint, operational discharges, air emissions, waste management and risk of a blow-out during drilling. 2.1.1 Surveying Stage In the first stage of exploring for rock formations bearing hydrocarbons, geological maps are reviewed in desk studies to identify major sedimentary basins (EP Forum/UNEP 1997). Desk study indentifies areas with favourable geological conditions. No potential requirements are needed on ground to do this study. The area is identified based on relief and physical geographical analysis. Based on the results and assumptions from the desk study, if favourable landscape features are revealed, then low hovering aircrafts are used to do aerial survey. The low-flying aircraft over the study are provides overview and peripheral information. A seismic survey is mainly used in hydrocarbon (oil and gas) exploration to investigate the Earths subsurface structure. This method uses the principles of reflective seismology to acquire and interpret seismic data, which allows the estimation of the Earths composition (Morgan, 2003). The seismic method is heavily dependent on differing reflective properties of sound waves to identify hydrocarbon bearing rocks in the earths subterranean zones. An energy source transmits a pulse of acoustic energy into the ground which travels as a wave into the earth (EP Forum/UNEP, 1997). At each point where different geological strata exist, a part of the energy is transmitted down to deeper layers within the earth, while the remainder is reflected back to the surface (EP Forum/UNEP, 1997). Here it is picked up by a series of sensitive receivers called geophones or seismometers in onshore, or hydrophones submerged in water offshore. The signals are transmitted by cables, amplified, filtered, digit alized and recorded for onward interpretation. Figure : Offshore seismic activity 2.1.4 Exploration drilling Drilling of exploration wells are activities that come after seismic data have been interpreted and also after the volume and area of oil and gas resources from potentially productive geological formations been quantified. If oil/gas is discovered, then there will be a need to drill some development wells. Once in position, a series of well sections of reducing size are drilled from the rig. A drill bit, connected to the drill string suspended from the rigs derrick, is rotated in the well. Drill collars are connected to add weight and drilling fluids are distributed through the drill string and injected through the bit. The fluid has a variety of functions that it performs. It imparts hydraulic force that assists the drill bits cutting action, and it cools and lubricates the bit. It eliminates cuttings from the wellbore and protects the well against high formation pressures. When each well section has been drilled, steel casing is run in hole and cemented in place to prevent well failure. When the total reservoir depth is reached the well may be completed and tested by running a production liner and equipment to allow for the flow of hydrocarbons to the surface to establish reservoir properties such as porosity and permeability in a test separator. Any unwanted gas that is produced may be flared. 2.1.5 Appraisal Stage Appraisal is carried out after a successful exploration drilling to determine if the reservoir is economically feasible or viable. It helps in determining the extent and nature of the reservoir by drilling several other wells in the same site. The technical procedures applied to exploratory drilling also applies to appraisal drilling (EP Forum/UNEP, 1997). This requires additional drilling sites that could be reduced by directional drilling hence reducing the ecological footprint and the amount of waste generated. 2.2 Environmental Baseline and Ecology This chapter provides a description of the environmental situation against which the potential impacts of the oil and gas exploration can be assessed and future changes monitored. The chapter presents an overview of the aspects of the environment relating to the surrounding area in which the exploration phase will take place. This includes the Jubilee field unit area, the Ghana marine environment at a wider scale and the four Districts of the Western Region bordering the marine environment. The Jubilee Unit area and its regional setting are shown below. This area is approximately 132 km west-southwest of the city of Takoradi, 60km from the nearest shoreline of Ghana, and 75km from the nearest shoreline of Cote dIvoire. http://subseaworldnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Jubilee-Field.jpg Figure : Location of Jubilee Field Air Quality The principal source of environmental contaminants from the atmosphere across central Africa is biomass due to the burning of firewood and controlled burning in savannah places for farming. It has been estimated that Africa accounts for almost one half of the total biomass burnt worldwide (Andrae, 1993). The result of this biomass combustion is the emission of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), non methane hydrocarbons and air particulate matter. Upwelling The term upwelling is used when cold, nutrient-rich, water goes from the ground up to the surface, leading to an in increase in plankton productivity in the surface waters. The considerable upwelling period along the Ghana shore occurs from July through to September/October, while a minimal upwelling happens between December and January/Feburuary. The rise in plankton productivity during the periods of considerable and minimal upwelling attracts pelagic fish species into the upper layers of the water column, thereby increasing the rate of fish capture. Fish Ecology Seasonal upwelling influences the composition and distribution of fish species in the water bodies of Ghana. The transport of cooler, heavier and nutrient-rich deep waters to the warmer, usually more nutrient-depleted surface water during times of upwelling promotes very high levels of primary production in phytoplankton. This therefore leads to an increase in the production of zooplankton and fish. The fish species found in Ghanaian waters can be divided into four main groups, namely: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ small pelagic species à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ large pelagic species (tuna and billfish); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ demersal (bottom dwelling) species; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ deep sea species. The most important small pelagic fish species, both commercially and as prey for larger fish found in the coastal and offshore waters of Ghana are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ round sardinella; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ flat sardinella; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ European anchovy; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ chub mackerel. Large pelagic seafood stocks off the shore of Ghana consist of seafood and billfish. These varieties are migratory and take up the outer lining position ocean of the whole exotic and sub-tropical Ocean. They are essential varieties in the environment as both should and feed for sharks, other seafood and sea animals as well as offering an essential commercial resource for industrial fisheries. The seafood varieties are skipjack tuna; yellowfin tuna; and bigeye seafood. The billfish varieties happen in much lower figures and comprise swordfish; Ocean blue marlin; and Ocean sailfish. Trawl surveys have proven that demersal seafood are extensive on the navigator shelf along the whole length of the Ghanaian coastline. The demersal varieties that are most essential over the counter (in terms of capture volumes) are cassava croaker, bigeye grunt, red pandora, Angola dentex , Congo dentex and Western Africa goatfish. Over 180 species of fish are believed to take up the deep sea, including 51 different species that are associated with the bottom and a further 106 are listed as bathypelagic (1000 to 4000m). The remaining species are usually regarded to take up depths to 1000 m but may venture into further water during part of their lifecycle. A total of 89 species are likely to be discovered in Ghanaian water bodies within the depth range in the Jubilee field (1,100 and 1,700m). Water Quality Water column samples were taken at two depths, namely sub-surface and at 100m depth. Water alkalinity (pH) was measured on a subsample. Water samples were collected for metal analyses, nutrients, total dissolved solids and suspended solids (EIA, 2009). Water samples were evaluated for a range of determinants including metals and nutrients and the results were found to be: Mercury (Hg). Most stations had Hg concentrations below the detection limit, ie below 0.2 mg/l). Barium (Ba). Ba concentrations were higher in the surface samples and ranged from 5.96ppb to 5.43 ppb for the surface samples and 5.43 ppb to 5 ppb. Lead (Pb). No Pb was detected in any samples. Phosphorous (P). The concentration levels of total phosphorous were higher for samples from the 100m depth than for samples from sub-surface for all the stations. The highest TP concentration recorded for the sub-surface samples was 0.0192 mg/l and the lowest concentration was 0.0145mg/l. Seabirds and Coastal Birds Ghanas seaside swamplands and lagoons form an environmentally essential environment, offering providing, roosting and nesting sites for thousands of migratory and local wildlife. Eight of these seaside wetlands: Keta Lagoon, Songor Lagoon, Sakumo Lagoon, Korle Lagoon, Densu Delta, Muni Lagoon, Elmina Salt Dishes and Esiama Seaside, qualify as globally essential swamplands under the Ramsar requirements of assisting 20,000 waterfowls or 1% of the population of a waterfowl species. Of these only Esiama Seaside falls within the position at most chance of experiencing an oil spill and has an exotic beach believed to back up over 10,000 wildlife. However, there are several other lagoons and swamplands such as Domini Lagoon, Amunsure Lagoon, Ankobra (Ankwao) Estuary, Kpani-Nyila Estuary and the Ehnuli Lagoon which are essential for fowl feeding and reproduction places. They consist of considerable amounts of waterfowls such as typical tern, egret, typical sandpiper, ringed plover and greyish plover. As a whole, the stretch of coastline west of Cape Three Points is regarded as extremely delicate for seaside fowl species. Direct death rate of wildlife in the event of an oil spill is often the most widely recognised danger. While impacts to birds can happen offshore in the marine environment, the more noticeable impacts are often experienced if oil gets to the coastal waters. Oil spills impacting coastal waters near major bird colonies during the reproduction period can be particularly severe since birds are feeding intensively and often dive through the surface oil to feed on fish. Birds are affected by oil pollution in the following three key ways. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stains of oil on the plumage may destroy the insulating and water repelling properties which may ultimately cause the death of the bird. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Toxic effects after the ingestion of oil during preening, ingestion of oiled prey, inhalation of oil fumes or absorption of oil through skin or eggs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Indirect effects resulting from destruction of bird habitats or food resources. Coastal bird species and habitats in Ghana are regarded as highly sensitive to potential impacts resulting from an oil spill that reaches the coastline. Marine Mammals Ghanas offshore areas are known to support significant marine mammal populations such as certain protected and sensitive species. Examples being the humpback, fin whales and Atlantic spotted dolphins. While the periodic distribution of these species is not well understood it is likely that during the months of September and October a variety of species of whale and dolphin s pass through these areas. Marine mammals are usually less sensitive to oil spills than seabirds as they will tend to identify the position around a surface oil slick and avoid any breaching or feeding behaviours that may bring them into immediate contact with oil. However, marine mammals are still delicate to results from oil spills, and in particular from the hydrocarbons and chemicals that escape from the oil, particularly in the first few days following a spill. Although it is likely that certain species of marine mammals happen to be in the area offshore Ghana, they are regarded as less sensitive (compared to turtles and birds) to any impacts resulting from an oil spill as they will usually avoid the affected area. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Magnitude of Impacts This is the degree of change brought about in the environment. An attempt is made to quantify the magnitude of impacts to the natural and social environment. The magnitude of impacts covers all areas of the environment and is discussed as follows: The nature of the change in the environment including what resources or receptors have been affected and how; The spatial extent to which the area has been impacted and what proportion of the population or community has been affected; The temporal extent such as duration, frequency and reversibility of impacts; The probability of impacts occurring as a result of accidental or unplanned events. Table : Magnitude Definitions Impact Magnitude Spatial Scale Temporal scale An assessment of the magnitude of impacts is provided that takes into consideration all dimensions of the impact described above to determine whether an impact is low, medium or high magnitude. Sensitivity of Resources and Receptors The significance of an impact of given magnitude depends on the sensitivity of resources and receptors to that impact. For ecological impacts, sensitivity can be assigned as low, medium or high based on the importance of habitats and species. For habitats, these are based on naturalness, extent, rarity, fragility, diversity and importance as a community resource. Table : Species Value/ Sensitivity Criteria Value / Sensitivity High Criteria Not protected or listed and common / abundant; or not critical to other ecosystem functions. Not protected or listed. A species that is common globally but rare in Ghana; important to ecosystem functions; or under threat or population decline. Specifically protected under Ghanaian legislation and/or international conventions. Listed as rare, threatened or endangered. The magnitudes of impact and the sensitivities are looked at in combination. This is to evaluate whether an impact is, or is not significant and if so its degree of significance defined as either Minor, Moderate or major. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ short-term disturbance directly to the seabed (eg from sediment suspension), with secondary impacts on the benthic and demersal community, during installation of subsea infrastructure; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ permanent habitat and associated species loss or damage from coverage of areas of seabed by moorings, well manifolds, well heads, riser bases, flowlines and umbilicals; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ permanent changes to the habitat arising from the physical presence of subsea infrastructure (eg sediment disturbance and reef effects from marine organisms growing on subsea infrastructure). Minor Impacts Impacts from flaring on Birds. Many birds chose to migrate at night to take advantage of the more stable weather conditions which benefit migration, and for some species to avoid daytime predators. Artificial lighting, however, may affect nocturnal movement of birds. Previous research has found that migrating birds (especially songbirds, waders and ducks) may circle around offshore lit structures including offshore platforms. The effects are reported to be pronounced during periods of low cloud and fog, when there is poor visibility. Erickson et al. (2001) suggested that lighting was a critical attractant, leading to collision of birds with tall structures, and recent research appears to support the role of lighting. Ongoing research in the Dutch sector of the North Sea for NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij) suggests that the red end of the spectrum components of conventional platform lighting affect birds, and that the use of green spectra could significantly reduce the effects on the populations of those species most at risk (Bruinzeel 2009). Birds which are drawn to lit platforms often circle around for prolonged periods resulting in fatigue. They sometimes land on the platforms, or collide with the structures, and if there is little food or water for them on the platform, this can result in their death. There are Important Bird Areas (IBAs) along the coastline of Ghana and the Ivory Coast which support migratory bird species known to use the East Atlantic Flyway. Such species occur along the west coast of Africa, including red knot (Calidris canutus) and sanderling (Calidris alba). (Boere and Stroud 2006). Detailed information about African bird migration routes is less well understood and is the subject of ongoing research (Birdlife 2009). Whilst there is a risk of migrating birds encountering the platform, many of the effects described above are based on research undertaken in the North Sea, and similar weather conditions in the location of the Jubil ee field are not expected. Research in the North Sea also found that in more stable conditions when skies were clear and there was little cloud, few birds responded to lights (NAM 2007). It is also likely that some of the bird species which are migrating through this area will do so during the daytime, and hence should be less affected by lighting. The Jubilee joint venture partners have had drill rigs deployed in the area for over 2 years and have not reported unusual bird attraction or congregation. The risk of impacts on birds from flaring is considered to be low and not significant. As part of the routine reporting from the FPSO the presence of significant bird landings during the year and/or records of any bird deaths will be recorded to inform any future mitigation strategies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Impacts from flaring on Turtles. There is the potential that turtles will be attracted to the platform at night where hatchlings could be subject to increased predation by birds and fish that also are attracted to these structures. The risk of any impacts on turtles and turtle hatchlings from lights is considered to be low and not significant. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The impacts to marine mammals and turtles from vessel collision and marine debris. Collisions have been known to occur worldwide and also in West Africa (Fà ©lix and Van Waerebeek, 2005; Van Waerebeek et al., 2007) and increased marine vessel traffic between the Jubilee field and Takoradi port will increase the risk of collisions. The increased risk of collision is considered to be low however given the relatively low volume of project related traffic and the speed that they move at (typically moving at less than 12 knots). Marine mammals and marine turtles are most sensitive in areas with fast moving vessels which frequently change direction and are more able to avoid the large, relatively slow moving support vessels associated with the project. Disposal of solid waste to sea will not occur from the FPSO, MODUs or support vessels, with the exception of treated kitchen waste and treated sewerage, which will be macerated. Discharges during the previously permitted wel l drilling operations, including drill cuttings discharges, are addressed in Annex B. The risks to marine mammals and marine turtles from vessels collisions and damage from marine debris associated with the project are considered to be small and are assessed as not significant. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Impacts from noise. Activities in the Jubilee field will be located approximately 60 km offshore, away from any sensitive noise receptors. Onshore noise at the port in Takoradi from the project is assessed as not significant as activities will be within an existing busy port. Noise on the FPSO will be controlled for occupational exposure reasons so that workers in open areas will not require to wear hearing protection (the WHO standard is 85 dB without hearing protection). A 85 dB noise source (measured at 10 m from source) will have attenuated to 45 dB at 1,000 m. Fishermen and other marine users not associated with the project will be outside the 1,000 m exclusion zone centred on the turret and therefore at least 500 m from the FPSO. The risk of noise exposure above the 85 dB standard is therefore extremely unlikely. Noise from helicopter flights to and from the Air Force base at Takoradi and the Jubilee field has the potential to cause disturbance. Careful flight p lanning to avoid sensitive areas will avoid significant impacts. This includes a minimum flight height of 2,300 feet (710 m) above the Amansuri Wetland IBA to avoid disturbance to wildlife. 3.2 Impacts from physical structures 3.2.1 Impacts from flaring on Birds. Many birds chose to migrate at night to take advantage of the more stable weather conditions which benefit migration, and for some species to avoid daytime predators. Artificial lighting, however, may affect nocturnal movement of birds. Previous research has found that migrating birds (especially songbirds, waders and ducks) may circle around offshore lit structures including offshore platforms. The effects are reported to be pronounced during periods of low cloud and fog, when there is poor visibility. Erickson et al. (2001) suggested that lighting was a critical attractant, leading to collision of birds with tall structures, and recent research appears to support the role of lighting. Ongoing research in the Dutch sector of the North Sea for NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij) suggests that the red end of the spectrum components of conventional platform lighting affect birds, and that the use of green spectra could significantly reduce the effects on the populations of those sp ecies most at risk (Bruinzeel 2009). Birds which are drawn to lit platforms often circle around for prolonged periods resulting in fatigue. They sometimes land on the platforms, or collide with the structures, and if there is little food or water for them on the platform, this can result in their death. There are Important Bird Areas (IBAs) along the coastline of Ghana and the Ivory Coast which support migratory bird species known to use the East Atlantic Flyway. Such species occur along the west coast of Africa, including red knot (Calidris canutus) and sanderling (Calidris alba). (Boe

Dawson’s Creek, the Movie Woo, A Perfect Storm, and A River Runs Through It :: Television Woo Perfect Story River Runs Essays

Dawson’s Creek, the Movie Woo, A Perfect Storm, and A River Runs Through It What is it that improves an author’s writing ability? Is it inborn creativity? In many ways yes, but without a doubt an author’s ability to write comes from skills that he has acquired through everyday life. One of these skills is the combination of watching and reading. It is not just the ability to watch and read, it is how well he can incorporate these skills into a written work. Television and the movie screen can also be tools in a writer’s tool belt. Dawson’s Creek (a television drama) and the movie Woo have aspects incorporated into each whole, these aspects finding comparisons in literature. There is no far stretch required to find a correlation between a screen work and a written work. Since it is not hard to find this correlation between screen work and written work there should be no large task in finding helpful tools in several different genres of literature. The written works A Perfect Storm by Junger and A River Runs Through It written by Ma clean offer literary techniques of their own. How can all of these forms of entertainment contribute to the written word? Television adds many qualities to the nineties life. This is even true of the prime time teen angst drama. Dawson’s Creek (classified with the above prime time teen angst drama) can and does contribute interesting qualities to a written work. This show is a prime example of social interactions. Every character is at least acquainted with every other character, which gives the watcher the chance to see one character in many different situations. The word situation does not always mean social interaction though. Situations encompass the setting also. In television the set is made to be large, bright, and overall catching to the eye. Since a television screen is so small all of the important aspects of the set are brought forth they are easily viewed. This show of blatant importance can help an author decide on what is a really important part of their literature. Television though is not the only tool a writer can take advantage of. Indeed movies can also be of great importance. The motion picture Woo contains several interesting tools, which are readily available to an author. This movie was performed in an English dialect that not many identify with or write with.

Air pollution in Kawempe Division of Kampala, Uganda

Air pollution in Kawempe Division of Kampala, Uganda Hazard Word pictureIntroductionThe wellness effects of air pollution have been widely documented and assessed largely in North America and Europe, nevertheless air pollution in low- and middle-income states poses a great public wellness load that has non been decently assessed ( 1–6 ) . All right particulate affair comprised of atoms of width 2.5?g or less ( PM2.5) has been associated with mortality due to the development of cardiovascular or respiratory diseases and lung malignant neoplastic disease ( 3 ) . In the Kawempe Division in Kampala ( Uganda ) measurings of PM2.5from December 2013 and January 2014 were found to be above guideline bounds of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) bespeaking the demand for a consistent exposure appraisal of the air pollution and its wellness load in Uganda ( 7,8 ) .Hazard IdentificationAcute events of smog in the Meuse vale in Belgium and in London in 1933 and 1952, severally were among the first events that indicated the association between air pollution and mortality ( 9,10 ) . More late epidemiologic surveies quantified effects of chronic and ague exposures to poisons such as particulate affair, ozone, or benzine on wellness ( 3,11,12 ) . More specifically PM2.5exposure have been associated with inauspicious wellness results in big epidemiologic surveies in assorted scenes ( 8,13 ) . Chronic effects of exposure to particulate affair have been studied in prospective cohort surveies with big sample sizes and long follow-up periods in assorted locations such as the US, Canada, in Europe and China ( 2,4,5 ) . The first survey that associated cardiorespiratory and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality with PM2.5was published in 1993 by Dockery et Al ( 3 ) . In this first appraisal informations from six metropoliss with changing degrees of air pollution and mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases, lung malignant neoplastic disease, all causes of mortality and mortality from all other causes except cardiorespiratory diseases or lung malignant neoplastic disease was investigated. Following up to the â€Å"six metropoliss study† Laden et Al. in 2006 reported on the association between cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) mortality, lung malignant neoplastic disease and respiratory upsets ( 14 ) . Following up the same cohort and reanalyzing the information Lepeu le et Al. in 2012 besides confirmed the association between CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality with PM2.5exposures ( 15 ) . In 2002, Pope et Al. besides reported the consequences of a larger cohort with PM2.5measurings of 51 metropolitan countries in the US, reasoning besides that there is increased hazard of mortality at 4 % , 6 % and 8 % from all causes, CVD, and lung malignant neoplastic disease, severally with each 10?g/m3addition in PM2.5( 4 ) . Similar consequences were besides reported in the Canadian survey of Crouse et al. , 2012 in a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian grownups ( 16 ) . All these surveies set the scene for comprehensive wellness hazard appraisal of PM2.5. They provided cohesive and timely consequences from dependable beginnings on the fluctuations PM2.5and mortality fulfilling Hill’s standards.Exposure AppraisalKampala, the capital of Uganda has a population of about 1,500,000, it is the 2neodymiummost thickly settled territory in the state ( 17 ) . The Kawempe division of Kampala is located in the North of the metropolis and has a population of 338,312, with an estimated 84,240 above the age of 30 old ages ( 17 ) . Measurement of ambient PM2.5degrees took topographic point two yearss during winter 2012-2013 in the country of Mperewre of the Kawempe Division and they were reported as portion on a pilot survey published in 2014 ( 7 ) . The mean Autopsy2.5concentration for the topographic point measurings was 104.3?g/m3. It besides exceeds both the one-year and 24-hour WHO guideline values that are set at 10?g/m3and 25?g/m3, severally, and antecedently reported measurings in developed states ( 8 ) . The mensural PM2.5degrees are nevertheless consistent with measurings in other developing states. Datas from Asiatic metropoliss suggest that the high Autopsy2.5concentrations are non rare in developing scenes where monitoring is non routinely conducted. Harmonizing to the 2010 study of the Health Effects Institute on outdoor air pollution in the underdeveloped states of Asia the degrees of PM2.5can be every bit high as 150?g/m3( 6 ) . In the same study, for illustration, in Shenzhen and Guengzhou, in China, 24-hour mean summer concentrations of PM2.5were 35?g/m3Autopsy2.5was every bit high as 97.5?g/m3. Exposure appraisal of PM2.5effects on mortality in the Kawempe Division are hindered by the deficiency of one-year norm values that would reflect fluctuations in air pollution. However given the features of the country, where a landfill is located and the tendency for increased urbanisation in Uganda and its deductions ( i.e. increased traffic etc ) the high Autopsy2.5degrees in Mperewre may reflect the norm of PM2.5degrees in the location ( 18,19 ) . Within the range of the present exposure appraisal we are based on the premise that the mean of the available topographic point measurings reflects the average PM2.5degrees in the Kawempe division of Kampala. Based on the handiness of information we can non be certain about the PM2.5concentrations fluctuate in the country over clip and the derived decision might be over- or undervaluing the existent wellness effects of PM2.5wellness effects. Table 1 Autopsy2.5concentrations and meteoric parametric quantities on the yearss that measurement took topographic point harmonizing to Schwander et al. , 2014.December 31, 2012January 2, 2013Autopsy2.5 ­concentrations (?g/m ­3 ­)104.9103.7Average concentration (?g/m ­3 ­)104.3Meteorologic parametric quantitiesAverage temperature (0C ) [ min, soap ] 22.2 [ 18.9, 25.0 ]24.4 [ 20.6, 27.8 ]Dew point temperature (0C )18.920.0Mean wind velocity ( kilometers per hour ) [ max ] 8.1 [ 16.1 ]8.1 [ 19.3 ]Exposure-Response AnalysisThe exposure-response relationships between PM2.5and mortality from CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease have been antecedently studied in US populations by Laden et Al. ( six metropoliss study, follow-up ) and by Pope et Al. ( 4,14,22 ) . In the survey of Laden CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease deceases were associated with exposure to PM2.5( 14 ) . Specifically a 10?g/m3addition in the mean Autopsy2.5was associated with comparative hazard ( RR ) of 1.28 ( 1.13-1.44, 95 % CI ) for CDV mortality and a RR of 1.27 ( 0.96-1.69, 95 % CI ) for lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality. In the survey of Pope et al. , 2002 for the same PM2.5incremental alteration addition in lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality was estimated at 8 % ( 4 ) . Both surveies, the 1993 survey of the six metropoliss and the Lepeule’s follow up have established the association between increased exposure to PM2.5and increased hazard for C VD and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality. The form of the exposure-response map nevertheless is non additive in all doses nor does it hold the same form for both results. The exposure-response map of mortality from CVD starts steep in low exposures and going flatter with increasing concentrations ( 22 ) . In the instance of lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality the exposure-response map is more additive and it is, as expected, more influenced by confounders ( i.e. smoke ) ( 22 ) . Additionally in all the aforesaid surveies the exposure-response maps have been established based on the effects of low exposures, normally below 50?g/m3. In Uganda, the age-adjusted mortality rate from lung malignant neoplastic disease is 2.7 among males and 2.4 among females ( per 100,000 ) while the same index for CVD is 276.7 and 250.7 per 100,000 population ( males and females, severally ) ( 20,21 ) . In order to gauge the figure of CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease deceases attributed to 104?g/m3of ( assumed ) one-year exposure we will be based on the exposure-response maps for CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality developed by Pope et Al, 2011 that were derived from a prospective cohort of 1.2 million grownups ( & gt ; 30 old ages old ) and old surveies in the US which accounted for assorted confounders of exposure. They estimated the RR associated with different degrees of PM2.5exposure accounting for ambient air pollution, active coffin nail smoke and secondhand smoke to gauge the day-to-day norm inhaled dosage of PM2.5. The RR for each of the two results ( CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality ) was so calculated with the power map: RR=1+? ( dosage )?which corresponds to a nonlinear monotone map for which at zero dose the RR is equal to 1. Table 2 Exposure appraisal informationPopulation features( 17 )MalesFemalesEntireKawempe Division159,800178,512338,312Population above 30 old ages old ( 24.9 % * )39,79044,44984,240Kampala722,638793,5721,516,210Entire population16,935,45617,921,35734,856,813Age standardized decease rates per 100000( 20,21 )Cardiovascular diseases276.7250.7Lung malignant neoplastic disease2.72.4Entire figure of deceases in Kawempe territory for the those & gt ; 30 old ages oldCardiovascular diseases110111222Lung malignant neoplastic disease112RR estimations for both genders ( for dosage of PM2.5104?g/m3)Attributable hazard fractionNumber of instances attributed to PM2.5Cardiovascular diseasesRR=1+0.2685 ( dosage )0.27301.950.49108Lung malignant neoplastic diseaseRR=1+0.3195 ( dosage )0.743311.090.912Hazard Word pictureWith an estimated RR of 1.95 for CVD mortality due to PM2.5degrees of 104?g/m3the PM2.5-associated mortality instances in the entire population above 30 old ages old of Kawempe Division is about 108 ( Table 2 ) . The age standardized mortality rate for CVD – the primary wellness result that has been associated with increased air pollution – in Uganda is comparatively high contrary and future research is needed to decently gauge the fraction of instances attributed to air pollution which was comparatively high in this study ( 0.49, ( Table 2 ) . As expected given the to the low mortality rate of lung malignant neoplastic disease in the country and the fact it is confounded by other factors that could non be assessed in ( i.e. smoking ) we can non properly measure the impact of PM2.5on the figure of lung malignant neoplastic disease deceases in Kawempe Division. For the present analysis the informations used were compiled from assorted beginnings. Population estimations were taken from the probationary study on the 2014 nose count. Lung malignant neoplastic disease and CVD age standardized mortality rates were taken from GLOBOCAN and the WHO, severally. Therefore all computations are based on the premise that for the 2014 of Kawempe Division the mortality rates are the same as the last reported in the aforesaid beginnings. The fact that there is the information might non reflect the decently the features of the population is an of import restriction of this appraisal. Along with the fact that hazard estimations were based on surveies of lower Autopsy2.5degrees. Future research needs to be based on seasonably collected information and hazard theoretical accounts that account for the high exposures. Mentions 1. Katsouyanni K, Rimm EB, Gnardellis C, Trichopoulos D, Polychronopoulos E, Trichopoulou A. Reproducibility and comparative cogency of an extended semi-quantitative nutrient frequence questionnaire utilizing dietetic records and biochemical markers among Grecian school teachers. Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Jan 1 ; 26 ( suppl 1 ) : S118. 2. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr G, et Al. Air pollution and lung malignant neoplastic disease incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects ( ESCAPE ) . The Lancet Oncology. 2013 Aug ; 14 ( 9 ) :813–22. 3. Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, et Al. An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 Dec 9 ; 329 ( 24 ) :1753–9. 4. Pope III CA. Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-run Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. JAMA. 2002 Mar 6 ; 287 ( 9 ) :1132. 5. Cao J, Yang C, Li J, Chen R, Chen B, Gu D, et Al. Association between long-run exposure to outdoor air pollution and mortality in China: A cohort survey. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011 Feb 28 ; 186 ( 2–3 ) :1594–600. 6. HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee. Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comprehensive Review. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute ; 2010. 7. Schwander S, Okello CD, Freers J, Chow JC, Watson JG, Corry M, et Al. Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Mpererwe District, Kampala, Uganda: A Pilot Study. J Environ Public Health [ Internet ] . 2014 [ cited 2015 Feb 26 ] ; 2014. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3945229/ 8. WHO | Air quality guidelines – planetary update 2005 [ Internet ] . WHO. 2015 [ cited 2015 Mar 5 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/ 9. Bell ML, Davis DL. Reappraisal of the deadly London fog of 1952: fresh indexs of ague and chronic effects of acute exposure to air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Jun ; 109 ( Suppl 3 ) :389–94. 10. Nemery B, Hoet PH, Nemmar A. The Meuse Valley fog of 1930: an air pollution catastrophe. The Lancet. 2001 Mar ; 357 ( 9257 ) :704–8. 11. Kheirbek I, Wheeler K, Walters S, Kass D, Matte T. PM2.5 and ozone wellness impacts and disparities in New York City: sensitiveness to spacial and temporal declaration. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2012 Oct 12 ; 6 ( 2 ) :473–86. 12. Savitz DA, Andrews KW. Review of epidemiologic grounds on benzine and lymphatic and haematopoietic malignant neoplastic diseases. Am J Ind Med. 1997 Mar 1 ; 31 ( 3 ) :287–95. 13. US EPA O. Particulate Matter | Air & A ; Radiation | US EPA [ Internet ] . 2013 [ cited 2015 Mar 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epa.gov/pm/ 14. Laden F, Schwartz J, Speizer FE, Dockery DW. Decrease in Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Mar 15 ; 173 ( 6 ) :667–72. 15. Lepeule J, Laden F, Dockery D, Schwartz J. Chronic Exposure to Fine Particles and Mortality: An Drawn-out Follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012 Mar 28 ; 120 ( 7 ) :965–70. 16. Crouse DL, Peters PA, new wave Donkelaar A, Goldberg MS, Villeneuve PJ, Brion O, et Al. Hazard of Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter: A Canadian National-Level Cohort Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012 Feb 7 ; 120 ( 5 ) :708–14. 17. UBOS. National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Probationary consequences [ Internet ] . Uganda Bureau of Statistics ; 2014 Nov. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/NPHC 2014 PROVISIONAL RESULTS REPORT.pdf 18. Mwiganga M, Kansiime F. The impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala – Uganda, on the environing environment. [ Internet ] . Makerere University – College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 2012 [ cited 2015 Mar 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //caes.mak.ac.ug/research/research-publications/141-publications-for-2005/820-the-impact-of-mpererwe-landfill-in-kampala-uganda-on-the-surrounding-environment.html 19. Mwiganga M, Kansiime F. The impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala–Uganda, on the environing environment. Physicss and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 2005 ; 30 ( 11–16 ) :744–50. 20. WHO. Noncommunicable Diseases ( NCD ) Country Profiles – Uganda [ Internet ] . 2014 [ cited 2015 Mar 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/nmh/countries/uga_en.pdf? ua=1 21. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et Al. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [ Internet ] . GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0. 2013 [ cited 2015 Mar 5 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/ 22. Pope CA, Burnett RT, Turner MC, Cohen A, Krewski D, Jerrett M, et Al. Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011 Jul 19 ; 119 ( 11 ) :1616–21. Appendix – Analytica theoretical account File: Xanthi_Andrianou_RA_W4_Risk_characterization